王偉偉 于亮 鈕力亞 趙松山 陸莉 王奉芝 米淑玲 李洪義

摘要為育成適合滄州地區(qū)生產(chǎn)的小麥突破性品種,利用矮敗材料和優(yōu)異抗旱耐鹽親本材料,建立鹽堿圃和優(yōu)良圃的雙向交替選擇,從而構(gòu)建輪回選擇群體,創(chuàng)新了矮敗小麥輪回雙向交替選擇育種技術(shù),實現(xiàn)了品種大量聚集有效的主效基因和微效基因,使之充分重組累加,產(chǎn)生更多遺傳變異。利用自然選擇的方法加大逆境選擇壓力,培育品種的多抗性,并通過人工選擇和自然選擇的方法選擇培育出不同類型區(qū)的品種,培育出了滄核036等小麥品種,是一種行之有效的育種方法。
關(guān)鍵詞矮敗小麥;輪回選擇;育種;雙向交替
中圖分類號S503.5文獻標識碼A文章編號0517-6611(2017)11-0015-02
AbstractIn order to breed suitable wheat breakthrough varieties for Cangzhou Area, using dwarf malesterile materials,and excellent drought resistance and salt tolerance parent material, established twoway alternate choice of saline nursery and excellent nursery so as to build a group of recurrent selection, the cycle of twoway alternate selective breeding technology realized the innovation for dwarf malesterile wheat, realized the varieties with large effective major genes and minor genes, made full restructuring accumulation, produced more genetic variation.By using the method of natural selection,increased selection pressure, cultivated multiple disease resistance of varieties.And bred different varieties in different type area through artificial selection and natural selection method, we had produced some wheat varieties,including Canghe 036 and so on, it was an effective method of breeding.
Key wordsDwarf malesterile wheat;Recurrent selection;Breeding;Twoway alternate
我國是世界糧食生產(chǎn)和消費大國,糧食安全始終是社會經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的堅實基礎(chǔ)。河北省地下水超采嚴重,小麥的種植面積進一步壓縮,為保證糧食總產(chǎn),確保糧食安全,必須進一步提高小麥單產(chǎn),而培育突破性品種是實現(xiàn)單產(chǎn)提升的重要途徑之一[1]。研究表明,單產(chǎn)提高對總產(chǎn)量增長的貢獻率為62.3%,在影響糧食單產(chǎn)提高的諸多因素中,新品種的育成和推廣起到了重要作用[2]。多年來小麥育種工作一直處于“爬坡”階段,育成的突破性品種甚少,其根本原因是資源利用不充分,育種方法陳舊。目前應用的常規(guī)雜交育種方法已沿用了近100年,受傳統(tǒng)育種方法的限制,被丟棄的基因陸續(xù)增多,而中選的基因類型也越來越窄,導致育成品種遺傳背景狹窄,基因資源貧乏,致使育成品種某些個別性狀特別突出,而廣泛適應性較差,不能適應多變的生態(tài)環(huán)境。……