模擬降雨試驗在云南坡耕地治理中的應用

文朝菊

摘要引進了具有經(jīng)濟性、便捷性、可操作性、重現(xiàn)性等優(yōu)點的模擬降雨試驗系統(tǒng)，在云南省坡耕地水土流失綜合治理水土保持監(jiān)測中進行實踐和運用，研究坡耕地土壤產(chǎn)匯流規(guī)律和侵蝕規(guī)律。根據(jù)人工模擬降雨試驗產(chǎn)匯流情況，統(tǒng)計張畢山、吉科等5個小流域坡地試驗小區(qū)和坡改梯后梯地試驗小區(qū)共59場次模擬降雨試驗數(shù)據(jù)，分析坡改梯水土流失綜合治理效果。結(jié)果表明，坡改梯后梯地土埂發(fā)揮了攔蓄雨量作用，強化了降雨入滲，提高了土壤含水量，降低了暴雨地表徑流形成，土壤流失量和侵蝕強度得到了明顯的緩減，蓄水保土效果較為顯著。

關鍵詞坡耕地治理；模擬降雨試驗；徑流小區(qū)；水土流失；土壤侵蝕；云南省

中圖分類號S157文獻標識碼A文章編號0517-6611（2017）11-0055-05

AbstractA simulated rainfall experiment system was introduced， which was economical， convenient， feasible and reproducible， and it was practiced and applied in soil and water conservation monitoring in Yunnan Province， law of runoff yield and concentration of slope farmland was studied. According to the artificial simulation of rainfall runoff， the statistical simulation data of rainfall experiment terrace and slope residential district a total of 59 performances of small watershed slope terracing after experiment， the effect of comprehensive treatment of soil and water loss was analyzed. The results showed the soil slope to terrace ridge after the ladder played a role of rainfall interception， strengthened rainfall infiltration， improved soil moisture， reduced surface runoff formation. Soil loss and erosion intensity were significantly reduced， and the effect of water storage and soil conservation was significant.

Key wordsSlope farmland management；Simulated rainfall experiment；Runoff plots；Soil and water loss；Soil erosion；Yunnan Province

坡耕地既是我國山丘區(qū)群眾賴以生存的基本生產(chǎn)生活用地，又是水土流失的重點區(qū)域。由于坡耕地粗放的生產(chǎn)方式、陡坡開荒等，導致坡耕地水土流失不斷加劇，造成土地退化、土壤肥力下降、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化等。同時，坡耕地嚴重的水土流失，不僅制約了當?shù)厝嗣袢罕娚钏降奶岣吆徒?jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展，還嚴重影響國家耕地和糧食安全、下游江河湖庫安全，加劇了洪澇災害。

云南省是一個集邊疆、山區(qū)、貧困和民族聚集于一體的省份，也是我國水土流失較嚴重的省份之一[1-4]。據(jù)2008年云南省國土資源廳公布的土地利用現(xiàn)狀成果，云南省耕地面積607.21萬hm2，其中坡耕地面積348.45萬hm2，占全省耕地面積的57.39%[5]。……