宋文哲 郭 萌 祝志強 路 欣
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乳腺顆粒細胞瘤1例報告及合并文獻分析
宋文哲 郭 萌 祝志強 路 欣
目的 分析乳腺顆粒細胞瘤的臨床病理特點,并指導臨床診治。方法 回顧性分析1例乳腺顆粒細胞瘤的臨床病理資料。結果 乳腺顆粒細胞瘤很少見,臨床癥狀不典型,與乳腺癌很難鑒別,細針穿刺及術中快速冰凍病理檢查無法確診。手術治療后,預后良好。結論 乳腺顆粒細胞瘤的診斷手術后病理診斷結果為標準,其特征性表現為胞質內存在嗜酸性顆粒。
乳腺腫瘤/病理學;顆粒細胞瘤;免疫組織化學
(ThePracticalJournalofCancer,2017,32:1361~1363)
顆粒細胞瘤(granular cell tumor,GCT)是1種少見的軟組織腫瘤,多見于舌、口腔和皮下組織。發生于乳腺的顆粒細胞瘤少見,大多數為良性,多見于30~50歲的絕經前女性。臨床體檢、乳腺影像學及超聲檢查與乳腺癌極為相似,細針穿刺及術中快速冰凍病理檢查無法確診,往往通過術后常規石蠟病理檢查及免疫組織化學檢測才能確診。本文通過復習徐州醫科大學附屬醫院2013年收治的1例乳腺顆粒細胞瘤的病例資料,并結合文獻探討GCT的臨床表現、診斷及鑒別診斷、治療和預后,從而提高對該病的認識并減少誤診、誤治。
患者,女性,54歲。因右乳發現無痛性腫塊2年收入院。患者2年前體檢時行乳腺鉬靶檢查發現右乳占位,提示為良性,無疼痛、無發熱、無乳頭溢液,當時建議手術治療,患者拒絕,遂定期復查,腫塊無明顯增大。入院前1月再次行鉬靶檢查,提示為惡性病變,建議手術治療,遂來我院就診。入院時體檢:雙乳對稱下垂,無乳頭凹陷及溢液,無橘皮征,右乳內上象限1點位距乳頭8 cm處觸及一3 cm×2 cm質硬的腫塊,邊界不清,活動度差,表面不光滑,右乳及雙側腋窩未觸及腫大淋巴結。乳腺彩超檢查:右乳1:00距乳頭約7.5 cm探及低回聲結節,延伸至淺層及深部脂肪層內,與胸大肌分界不清,周圍示高回聲暈,大小約2.0 cm×1.3 cm×1.3 cm,界不清,內有血流信號,提示癌聲像。鉬靶檢查:右乳內上象限深部可見結節狀高密度影,大小約1.6 cm×1.7 cm,邊界尚清,密度均勻,部分邊緣可見毛刺樣改變,雙乳未見明顯異常鈣化灶影。BI-RADS:4類,疑似惡性,建議MRI檢查明確與胸大肌關系。磁共振檢查:右乳內上象限示結節狀異常信號影,呈長T1信號,T2壓脂呈等、高信號,DWI序列呈高信號,病灶邊緣可見分葉及毛刺征,大小約1.4 cm×1.6 cm×1.4 cm,增強檢查病灶呈明顯強化,動態增強曲線趨向于平臺型。診斷:右乳內上象限占位性病變(乳腺癌可能大),建議穿刺活檢。術中所見:腫塊直徑約3 cm×3 cm,侵犯皮下脂肪層,與胸大肌有粘連,質地硬,界限不清,剖開腫塊,見切面一結節,直徑1 cm,切面灰黃,質地硬。術中冰凍病理診斷:(右乳腺)傾向為顆粒細胞瘤。術后常規病理結果:(右乳)顆粒細胞瘤。免疫組織化學結果:S100+;NSE弱+;Calretinin+;inhibin+;CKp、EMA、ER、PR均陰性;Ki67+<1%。隨訪至今,無異常表現。
顆粒細胞腫瘤最初由Abrikossoff報道,可發生于任何部位、任何年齡[1],多見于30~60歲之間,約半數發生于皮膚及皮下組織,近1/3發生于舌。發生于乳腺組織的顆粒細胞瘤很少見,約占所有CGT的5%~15%之間,大約每1000例乳腺癌病例中有1例是顆粒細胞瘤[2]。乳腺GCT多見于女性,男性罕見,男女比例約為1∶9[3-4]。 臨床上乳腺GCT通常表現為腺體實質內單發、質硬、無痛性腫塊。部分乳腺GCT還表現出浸潤性乳腺癌的一些特性,如位置比較表淺的腫瘤可以侵犯皮膚、皮下脂肪組織,導致皮膚局部皺縮和/或乳頭內陷;位于乳腺深部的腫塊可侵犯胸肌筋膜和胸大肌,很難與乳腺癌相鑒別[5]。本例患者術中見腫塊侵犯脂肪組織,并與胸大肌粘連、浸潤。
乳腺GCT鉬靶表現各異,大多數表現為圓形,邊界清楚、密度不均的腫塊,有的腫塊表現為不規則,密度不均勻、邊緣呈毛刺狀或星狀,甚至有胸大肌侵犯的表現[6],與乳腺癌鉬靶表現極為相似。值得一提的是乳腺GCT鉬靶通常沒有鈣化,如果出現鈣化,通常提示為惡性GCT[1]。本例腫塊邊界尚清,密度均勻,部分部分邊緣可見毛刺樣改變,可疑侵犯胸大肌,未見鈣化,BI-RADS:4類。
乳腺GCT的超聲圖像通常表現為實性,回聲不均勻、邊界不清楚的腫塊[7],有時在腫塊邊緣可以見到豐富的血管回聲[8]。由于乳腺GCT缺乏特征性的超聲表現,且很難與乳腺癌相鑒別,因此乳腺GCT超聲圖像往往提示為惡性[9]。
大多數乳腺GCT的MRI表現為形態不規則、邊緣毛刺狀的腫塊影。在T1加權像上可見低或中等信號影;T2加權像呈極低信號影或無信號影[5,10];增強檢查表現各異,表現為均質或不均質腫塊影,伴有或不伴有邊緣強化[10];動態增強曲線呈現出平臺型,與浸潤性乳腺癌MRI表現極其相似[11]。
乳腺GCT僅憑術前細針穿刺細胞學檢查(FNAC)和術中快速冰凍病理很難確診,只能依靠術后常規石蠟病理及免疫組織化學確診。鏡下GCT細胞呈圓形或卵圓形,境界清楚,胞體寬大,胞質豐富,其特征性表現為胞漿內存在嗜酸性顆粒[12]。最初GCT被認為是肌源性腫瘤,因而被稱為肌母細胞瘤。由于細胞內高表達S-100蛋白和神經元特異性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE),因此目前認為顆粒細胞瘤來源于神經鞘的雪旺細胞[5,13]。S100是判斷良性乳腺GCT的1個敏感指標,但特異性不強,因為10%的乳腺癌組織中也表達S100[14]。其他陽性指標包括CD86,inhibin-α,calretinin,CD57等[5]。本例中S100,Calretinin和inhibin陽性,NSE弱陽性。需要指出的是:GCT會出現類似乳腺癌的表現,如腫瘤邊界不清,累及鄰近結構及侵犯神經,但即使出現這種情況,也不表示GCT 為惡性。Fanburg-Smith等[15]提出惡性GCT的6個指標:瘤細胞變梭形,空泡狀核并有大核仁,核分裂象(≥2個/高倍視野,HPF),腫瘤性壞死,高核質比和多形性細胞核。王堅等建議將惡性顆粒細胞瘤的核分裂象計數標準修訂為>5個/50HPF[16]。滿足3個或3個以上指標即可診斷為惡性GCT,滿足2個指標診斷為不典型GCT,其中核分裂像最重要[10]。
乳腺GCT通常為良性,局部擴大切除即可達到治愈的目的,不主張行腋窩淋巴結清掃或前哨淋巴結活檢,預后較好,但切除不徹底可出現局部復發[1,17]。乳腺惡性GCT罕見,手術治療同其他乳腺惡性腫瘤,預后較差,化療及放療不能改善惡性GCT的預后[1,18]。
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(編輯:吳小紅)
Granular Cell Tumor of the Breast:1 Case Report and Review of Literature
SONG Wenzhe,GUO Meng,ZHU Zhiqiang,et al.
Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University,Xuzhou,221002
Objective To review the clinical and pathological feathers of granular cell tumor (GCT) of breast.Methods
1 case of granular cell tumor of breast was reported,and the clinical presentations,medical image findings,surgical procedure,pathological examination and follow-up data were analyzed.Results Granular cell tumor of breast was rare,the clinical presentations were atypical,and it was not easy to be distinguished with breast cancer.The diagnosis cannot be confirmed by fine needle aspiration cytology and intraoperative rapid frozen pathological examination.The prognosis was good after operation.Conclusion The diagnosis of granular cell tumor of breast depend on pathological examination,which include routine paraffin section and immunohistochemical examination,and the typical characteristic of GCT is that there are eosinophilic granulars in the cytoplasm.
Breast tumor/pathology;Granular cell tumor;Immunohistochemistry
221002 徐州醫科大學附屬醫院
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5930.2017.08.042
R737.9
D
1001-5930(2017)08-1361-03
2016-08-19
2017-04-10)