胡湘麟,周鐵軍
(1西南醫(yī)科大學臨床醫(yī)學院,四川瀘州 646000;2西南醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院)
?
·臨床研究·
宮頸鱗癌組織中促紅細胞生成素及其受體蛋白表達、微血管密度變化
胡湘麟1,周鐵軍2
(1西南醫(yī)科大學臨床醫(yī)學院,四川瀘州 646000;2西南醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院)
目的 觀察宮頸鱗癌組織促紅細胞生成素(EPO)、促紅細胞生成素受體(EPO-R)蛋白表達及微血管密度(MVD)變化,并探討三者與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關系。方法 收集宮頸鱗癌組織標本76例份(觀察組),宮頸高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL)組織標本25例份(HSIL組),宮頸低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)組織標本20例份(LSIL組),正常宮頸組織標本20例份(正常組)。用免疫組化SP法檢測各組宮頸組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白及CD31,根據(jù)CD31免疫組化染色結果測算MVD。比較各組EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達及MVD,分析觀察組EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達及MVD與宮頸鱗癌患者年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學分級、FIGO分期、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結轉移的關系,分析觀察組宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R表達與MVD的相關性。結果 觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組EPO陽性表達率分別為76.32%、52.00%、25.00%、10.00%,EPO-R陽性表達率分別為82.89%、60.00%、30.00%、15.00%,觀察組與HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組相比,HSIL組與正常組相比,P均<0.05。觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組MVD分別為(45.46±5.62)、(25.64±3.80)、(12.35±2.70)、(6.90±1.62)條/5 HP,各組兩兩相比,P均<0.05。觀察組EPO、EPO-R蛋白的表達與患者年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學分級、FIGO分期、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結轉移無關(P均>0.05);MVD與患者腫瘤直徑、組織學分級、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結轉移有關(P均<0.05)。觀察組MVD與EPO、EPO-R表達均呈正相關(r分別為0.623、0.575,P均<0.05)。結論 宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達及MVD升高,EPO、EPO-R可能通過促進腫瘤血管形成而促進宮頸鱗癌的進展。
子宮頸鱗狀細胞癌;促紅細胞生成素;促紅細胞生成素受體;微血管密度
宮頸癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一。宮頸癌組織中豐富的新生微血管不僅為腫瘤的生長提供了充足的營養(yǎng)和氧氣,也是癌細胞發(fā)生轉移的重要途徑[1,2]。促紅細胞生成素(EPO)是一種分泌性的糖蛋白細胞因子,通常由胎兒肝臟及成人腎臟合成,機體合成的EPO通過與其特異性受體促紅細胞生成素受體(EPO-R)相互作用,促進紅系祖細胞的增殖分化。大量研究[3]表明,EPO、EPO-R廣泛地表達于多種惡性實體腫瘤組織,并在腫瘤的血管形成方面發(fā)揮作用。微血管密度(MVD)為評價腫瘤血管生成的“金標準”[4]。本研究觀察了宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達及MVD變化,并探討了三者與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關系。
1.1 標本來源 收集西南醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院2010年1月~2011年12月存檔的宮頸鱗癌組織石蠟標本76例份(觀察組),宮頸高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL)組織標本25例份(HSIL組),宮頸低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)組織標本20例份(LSIL組),因子宮肌瘤行全子宮切除的正常宮頸組織標本20例份(正常組)。所有標本均經(jīng)HE染色后由病理學專家確診,所有患者病歷資料保存完整,均為首次發(fā)病,術前均未接受放、化療,患者無貧血及紅細胞增多癥。觀察組患者年齡28~62(44.9±7.0)歲,>40歲者46例、≤40歲者30例;依據(jù)國際婦產(chǎn)科聯(lián)盟(FIGO,2000年)的臨床分期標準Ⅰ期42例、Ⅱ期34例;腫瘤直徑>4 cm者28例、腫瘤直徑≤4 cm者48例;按WHO組織學分類標準,角化型25例、非角化型51例;有淋巴結轉移31例、無淋巴結轉移45例;有脈管腔侵犯33例、無脈管腔侵犯43例。所有標本均經(jīng)4%中性甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,4 μm連續(xù)切片。
1.2 宮頸組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白檢測及MVD測算方法 采用免疫組織化學染色SP法,操作嚴格按照試劑盒說明書進行,EPO及EPO-R抗體均按1∶100稀釋,CD31抗體按1∶200稀釋,用PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照,用試劑商提供的陽性片作為陽性對照。所有免疫組化染色結果均由2位病理醫(yī)生盲法閱片判斷,對每張切片至少在高倍鏡(400×)下觀察10個不重復視野來判斷結果。EPO、EPO-R表達根據(jù)染色強度進行評分(不著色計0分、黃色計1分、棕黃色計2分、黃褐色計3分),同時將陽性細胞的比例也分為4級進行評分(陽性細胞數(shù)<10%計0分、10%~<40%計1分、40%~<70%計2分、≥70%計3分),將上述兩種評分相加,0~1分為-、2分為+、3~4分為++、5~6分為+++,其中-為陰性、+、++、+++為陽性。參照Weidner評判標準[5]進行MVD檢測,即腫瘤區(qū)凡染成棕黃色的單個內(nèi)皮細胞或內(nèi)皮細胞簇就作為1條微血管,管壁有明顯肌層、纖維硬化、存在炎癥及壞死的微血管均不計入總數(shù)。隨機計數(shù)5個高倍視野內(nèi)微血管數(shù),取其平均值作為MVD值。

2.1 四組宮頸組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達及MVD比較 EPO、EPO-R的陽性表達部位主要在細胞質(zhì)和細胞膜,表現(xiàn)為彌漫性分布的棕黃色顆粒。觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組EPO陽性表達率分別為76.32%(58/76)、52.00%(13/25)、25.00%(5/20)、10.00%(2/20),EPO-R陽性表達率分別為82.89%(63/76)、60.00%(15/25)、30.00%(6/20)、15.00%(3/20),觀察組與HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組相比,HSIL組與正常組相比,P均<0.05。
腫瘤組織區(qū)CD31染色的微血管形態(tài)不規(guī)則,可有或無管腔,主要分布在腫瘤組織邊緣。觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組MVD分別為(45.46±5.62)、(25.64±3.80)、(12.35±2.70)、(6.90±1.62)條/5 HP,隨著病變程度逐漸加重,MVD值逐漸增高,各組兩兩相比,P均<0.05。
2.2 EPO、EPO-R表達及MVD與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關系 觀察組EPO、EPO-R蛋白的表達與患者年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學分級、FIGO分期、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結轉移無關(P均>0.05);MVD與患者腫瘤直徑、組織學分級、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結轉移有關(P均<0.05),與年齡、FIGO分期無關(P均>0.05)。見表1。

表1 EPO、EPO-R表達及MVD與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關系
2.3 觀察組EPO、EPO-R表達與MVD的相關性 觀察組EPO陽性、陰性患者MVD分別為(47.48±4.58)、(39.61±3.35)條/5 HP,兩者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=8.427,P<0.05)。EPO-R陽性、陰性患者MVD分別為(47.05±4.59)、(38.08±3.57)條/5 HP,兩者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=6.630,P<0.05)。觀察組MVD與EPO、EPO-R表達均呈正相關(r分別為0.623、0.575,P均<0.05)。
癌性貧血是晚期惡性腫瘤患者的常見并發(fā)癥之一,嚴重影響著患者的生活質(zhì)量和治療效果。對于宮頸癌患者,腫瘤本身所引起的出血、癌細胞的骨髓轉移以及接受放化療等均可導致其貧血的發(fā)生。臨床試驗[6,7]發(fā)現(xiàn)重組人EPO(rhuEPO)能有效提高腫瘤患者的血紅蛋白水平,減少輸血,在癌性貧血的預防和治療上有著十分廣泛的應用。然而,后來多項研究[8]報道,腫瘤患者經(jīng)rhuEPO治療后貧血狀況改善,但無進展生存期并未延長,甚至增加了患者的病死率。同時,分子生物學實驗[9,10]表明EPO會促進腫瘤增殖,抑制細胞凋亡,并使腫瘤細胞對某些放化療方案產(chǎn)生抵抗。鑒于rhuEPO這種利弊兼?zhèn)涞奶攸c,rhuEPO的臨床應用頗受爭議[11]。因此,EPO、EPO-R與腫瘤關系一直都是國內(nèi)外研究的熱點。鱗癌是宮頸癌最常見的組織學類型,宮頸鱗癌是LSIL、HSIL等癌前病變逐步發(fā)展的結果。本研究結果顯示,從正常宮頸、LSIL、HSIL到宮頸鱗癌組織,EPO、EPO-R陽性表達率隨病變程度的加重而逐漸增加,這表明EPO、EPO-R的表達與宮頸鱗癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關,表達逐漸增強的EPO、EPO-R可能會促進宮頸鱗癌病變的進展,這與Acs等[12]的研究結果相符合。
同許多惡性實體腫瘤一樣,宮頸鱗癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展依賴于持續(xù)性的氧氣供應,但由于氧氣在瘤體中的彌散范圍有限,局部腫瘤組織常常處于缺氧的環(huán)境。缺氧隨即激活多種分子通路促進腫瘤血管形成,以緩解腫瘤的缺氧狀態(tài)。Smith-McCune等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血管形成在宮頸癌前病變時即已發(fā)生,至宮頸鱗癌時腫瘤組織內(nèi)的新生微血管已相當密集。本研究結果顯示,隨著宮頸鱗癌病變的進展,MVD逐漸增高。MVD與宮頸鱗癌患者的腫瘤直徑、組織學分級、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結轉移有關,提示增多的腫瘤微血管可以為瘤體的生長和浸潤轉移提供更有利的條件。觀察組EPO、EPO-R陽性者的MVD均明顯高于對應的陰性者,并且觀察組宮頸鱗癌組織MVD與EPO、EPO-R表達均呈正相關,表明EPO、EPO-R可能具有促進腫瘤血管形成的作用。其生物學過程可能為,宮頸鱗癌的快速生長使得腫瘤處于缺氧狀態(tài),缺氧激活EPO、EPO-R等缺氧反應基因,高表達的EPO與EPO-R結合后激活JAK-2/STAT-5、Ras/MAPK等信號轉導通路[14],通過誘導大量新生微血管的形成和長入,增加腫瘤的局部氧供,便于癌細胞的浸潤轉移,從而繼續(xù)維持或促進了宮頸癌的進展。這也可能是癌性貧血患者應用rhuEPO后腫瘤控制情況及患者預后較差的機制之一。
綜上可見,宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達及MVD升高,EPO/EPO-R信號系統(tǒng)在宮頸鱗癌的病理進程中發(fā)揮著潛在的效應,EPO、EPO-R可能通過促進腫瘤血管形成而促進宮頸鱗癌的進展。
[1] Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015,65(2):87-108.
[2] Randall LM, Monk BJ, Darcy KM, et al. Markers of angiogenesis in high-risk, early-stage cervical cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2009,112(3):583-589.
[3] Hardee ME, Arcasoy MO, Blackwell KL, et al. Erythropoietin biology in cancer [J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2006,12(2):332-339.
[4] Randall LM, Monk BJ, Darcy KM, et al. Markers of angiogenesis in high-risk, early-stage cervical cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2009,112(3):583-589.
[5] Weidner N. Current pathologic methods for measuring intratumoral microvessel density within breast carcinoma and other solid tumors [J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 1995,36(2):169-180.
[6] Aapro M, Jelkmann W, Constantinescu SN, et al. Effects of erythropoietin receptors and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on disease progression in cancer[J]. Br J Cancer, 2012,106(7):1249-1258.
[7] Blohmer JU, Paepke S, Sehouli J, et al. Randomized phase III trial of sequential adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with or without erythropoietin Alfa in patients with high-risk cervical cancer: results of the NOGGO-AGO intergroup study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2011,29(28):3791-3797.
[8] Debeljak N, Solar P, Sytkowski AJ, et al. Erythropoietin and cancer: the unintended consequences of anemia correction[J]. Front Immunol, 2014,5:563.
[9] Liang K, Esteva FJ, Albarracin C, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin antagonizes trastuzumab treatment of breast cancer cells via Jak2-mediated Src activation and PTEN inactivation[J]. Cancer Cell, 2010,18(5):423-435.
[10] Wu P, Zhang N, Wang X, et al. The erythropoietin/erythropoietin receptor signaling pathway promotes growth and invasion abilities in human renal carcinoma cells[J]. PLoS One, 2012,7(9):e45122.
[11] Cao Y. Erythropoietin in cancer: a dilemma in risk therapy[J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2013,24(4):190-199.
[12] Acs G, Zhang PJ, McGrath CM, et al. Hypoxia-inducible erythropoietin signaling in squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix and its potential role in cervical carcinogenesis and tumor progression[J]. Am J Pathol, 2003,162(6):1789-1806.
[13] Smith-McCune KK, Weidner N. Demonstration and characterization of the angiogenic properties of cervical dysplasia[J]. Cancer Res, 1994,54(3):800-804.
[14] Aguilera TA, Giaccia AJ. The end of the hypoxic EPOch[J]. In J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2015,91(5):895-897.
Expression of erythropoietin/erythropoietin-receptor and microvessel density changes in cervical squamous cell carcinoma
HUXianglin1,ZHOUTiejun
(1SouthwestMedicalUniversity,Luzhou646000,China)
Objective To observe the expression of erythropoietin (EPO)/erythropoietin-receptor (EPO-R) and measure microvessel density (MVD) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and to investigate the relationships of them with clinicopathological parameters.Methods Seventy-six cases of patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (observation group), 25 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL group), 20 cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL group) and 20 cases of normal cervical epithelia (normal group) were collected. Immunohistochemical SP method was performed to detect the expression of EPO/EPO-R and CD31 expression and then we measured MVD in these specimens. The expression differences of EPO/EPO-R and MVD in these specimens were compared. In the observation group, correlations of EPO/EPO-R and MVD with patients' clinicopathological parameters such as age, tumor size, histological grading, FIGO staging, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis were analyzed, and correlations of EPO/EPO-R expression with MVD were also analyzed in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Results The positive expression rates of EPO in the observation group, HSIL group, LSIL group and normal group were 76.32%, 52.00%, 25.00% and 10.00%, respectively; the positive expression rates of EPO-R were 82.89%, 60.00%, 30.00% and 15.00%, respectively. The positive expression rates of EPO and EPO-R were gradually increased from normal cervix to LSIL to HSIL and then to cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and the difference was statistically significant (allP<0.05). The MVD of the observation group, HSIL group, LSIL group and normal group was (45.46±5.62), (25.64±3.80), (12.35±2.70) and (6.90±1.62)/5HP, and significant difference was found among these groups (allP<0.05). In the observation group, EPO and EPO-R expression was not significantly correlated with age, tumor size, histological grading, FIGO staging, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (allP<0.05). MVD was significantly correlated with tumor size, histological differentiation, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (allP<0.05). In the observation group, MVD was positively correlated with EPO expression (r=0.623, allP<0.05) as well as EPO-R expression (r=0.575,P<0.05). Conclusions EPO/EPO-R expression and MDV increase in the cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues, and EPO and EPO-R may promote the progression of cervical squamous cell carcinoma by enhancing the cervical angiogenesis.
cervical squamous cell carcinoma; erythropoietin; erythropoietin-receptor; microvessel density
西南醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院科研基金資助項目[(2014)71號]。
周鐵軍(E-mail: tiejunzh502@163.com)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.35.016
R737.3
B
1002-266X(2016)35-0051-04
2016-03-01)