江銀輝, 張 彪, 吳昌學, 袁 清, 官志忠, 張婷婷**
(1.貴州醫科大學 分子生物學重點實驗室, 貴州 貴陽 550004; 2.貴州醫科大學 生物工程學院, 貴州 貴陽 550004)
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貴陽市5所醫院呼吸科病房空氣中曲霉菌種類及攜帶真菌病毒調查*
江銀輝1, 張彪1, 吳昌學1, 袁清2, 官志忠1, 張婷婷2**
(1.貴州醫科大學 分子生物學重點實驗室, 貴州 貴陽550004; 2.貴州醫科大學 生物工程學院, 貴州 貴陽550004)
目的: 分析貴陽市5所醫院呼吸科病房空氣中曲霉菌種類及攜帶真菌病毒的情況。方法: 采用含50 mg/L頭孢霉素的馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂(PDA)平板敞口置于病房 24 h后收集平板培養,檢測5所醫院呼吸科病房空氣中曲霉菌株;采用十六烷基三甲基溴化銨(CTAB)法提取真菌病毒DNA、纖維素吸附的方法提取菌病毒雙鏈RNA(dsRNA),瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測真菌病毒。結果: 共收集到曲霉菌597株,其中黃曲霉菌株467株,煙曲霉菌株90株,黑曲霉菌株40株;CTAB法未檢測到DNA病毒,纖維素吸附法檢測到dsRNA病毒,90株煙曲霉菌株中有11株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型有2種;467個黃曲霉菌株中有24株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳的條帶類型有3種;40個黑曲霉菌株有9株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型只有1種。結論: 煙曲霉、黃曲霉和黑曲霉菌株中攜帶有較多dsRNA病毒。
曲霉菌; 抗真菌藥; 真菌病毒; RNA病毒; 瓊脂糖凝膠電泳; 貴陽
[Abstract]Objective: To analyze the variety of aspergillus species in respiratory wards of 5 hospitals, and the mycoviruses in the collected aspergillus isolates. Methods: Potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture media plates containing 50 mg/L cephalosporin were placed in respiratory wards of 5 hospitals for 24 h, then the plates were collected for cultivating aspergillus isolates. Detection The aspergillus strains in air in respiratory wards of 5 hospitals was detected. DNA was extracted from fungal mycelia with the use of CTAB method, dsRNA (double strand RNA) was extracted from fungal mycelia using CF-11 cellulose column chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis was adopted to detect mycoviruses. Result: In this research, 597 aspergillus isolates were collected, of which 467 wereA.flavusisolates, 90A.fumigatusisolates and 40A.nigerisolates. No DNA virus was detected in these isolates with CTAB method. There were dsRNA viruses in 11 isolates of 90A.fumigatusisolatesby CF-11 cellulose column chromatography, and there were 2 types of dsRNA viruses electrophoresis strip. There were dsRNA viruses in 24 isolates of 467A.flavusisolatesby CF-11 cellulose column chromatography, and there were 3 types of dsRNA viruses electrophoresis strip. There were dsRNA viruses in 9 isolates of 40A.nigerisolatesby CF-11 cellulose column chromatography, and there were only 1 type of dsRNA viruses electrophoresis strip. Conclusions:A.fumigatus,A.flavusandA.nigercarrya lot of dsRNA virus, which can provide the material for the study of related virus of the decline of aspergillus pathogenicity.
[Key words]aspergillus; antifungal agents; mycoviruses; dsRNA viruses; agarose gel electrophoresis; Guiyang
近年來,隨著艾滋病等免疫受損人群的增加,腫瘤化療、糖皮質激素和免疫抑制劑的廣泛使用,器官移植以及創傷性醫療操作等的增多,侵襲性真菌感染(invasive fungal infection, IFI)的發病率急劇上升,曲霉成為僅次于念珠菌的第2常見侵襲性真菌病病原菌,并在引起肺部感染的真菌中占首位[1-5]。目前被發現的曲霉屬有180余種,其中煙曲霉(A.fumigatus)是最主要的致病菌,其它還包括黃曲霉(A.flavus)、構巢曲霉(A.nidulans)、黑曲霉(A.niger)和土曲霉(A.terreus)等[5]。煙曲霉感染的途徑主要是通過呼吸系統,引起疾病的主要形式有過敏性支氣管肺曲菌病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, ABPA)、曲霉腫(Aspergilloma)及侵襲性肺曲霉病(Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, IPA)等[6-8]。因真菌和人體細胞均為真核細胞,真菌抗生素類藥物對人體的毒性更大,副作用也更強,隨著兩性霉素B、伏立康唑、米卡芬凈等抗真菌藥物廣泛地用于臨床,使得曲霉菌的耐藥性逐年增加[9-10]。真菌病毒(fungal virus或mycovirus)是一類寄主為真菌的病毒,存在于各分類系統的真菌中[11-12]。部分真菌病毒的侵染能夠使宿主真菌生長發育及致病性衰退(decline)或弱毒,因此真菌病毒具有治療真菌感染的潛力[13]。本研究對貴陽市5所醫院呼吸科病房空氣中內曲霉菌種類攜帶真菌病毒進行調查,以期獲得具有應用價值的真菌病毒。
1.1主要試劑
馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂(PDA)培養基、十六烷基三甲基溴化銨(CTAB)提取緩沖液(2%CTAB,2%PVP,100 mol/L pH 8.0 Tris-HCl,25 mmol/L EDTA,2.0 mol/L NaCl),2×GPS緩沖液(甘氨酸15.0 g,Na2HPO414.2 g,NaCl 35.1 g,調節pH=9.6,加水定容至1 000 mL),10×STE(0.5 mol/L Tris,1 mol/L NaCl,10 mmol/L EDTA,pH=7.0),清洗緩沖液(10×STE 10 mL,95%乙醇17 mL,加DEPC-H2O定容至100 mL),頭孢霉素(上海生工公司),CF-11纖維素(美國Sigma公司),其它各種化學試劑為國產化學分析純。
1.2方法
1.2.1曲霉菌株的分離及保存于2014-2015年從貴陽市5所醫院的呼吸科病房空氣中收集曲霉菌株。方法如下:將含有50 mg/L頭孢霉素的PDA平板敞口置于病房,離病房地面約1 m,24 h后收集平板,于37 ℃恒溫培養箱中培養,待菌落長出后,挑取單個菌落,對所有成功分離獲得的菌株進行編號,并于PDA試管斜面上,4 ℃保存。
1.2.2曲霉菌菌絲的培養和收集將4 ℃保存的菌株,置于表面鋪有玻璃紙的PDA平板上,置于37 ℃恒溫培養箱中培養4 d后,刮取曲霉菌菌絲,于-80 ℃保存。
1.2.3真菌病毒DNA或dsRNA提取及檢測CTAB方法提取DNA,將菌絲在液氨中研磨成粉,裝入EP管中,加入65 ℃預熱的CTAB緩沖液600 μL,混勻后65 ℃水浴30 min(中間混勻1~2次);加入等體積的氯仿/異戊醇(24∶1)混勻,12 000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液(重復1次);加入2倍體積的乙醇,-20℃沉淀1 h,12 000 r/min離心10 min,收集沉淀,用75%乙醇洗2次,風干后溶于去離子水中。纖維素吸附的方法提取dsRNA,將菌絲在液氨中研磨成粉,按每0.2 g菌絲依次加入2 × GPS 400 μL、Tris飽和酚(pH=8.0)400 μL、氯仿/異戊醇(24∶1)400 μL、10% SDS 92 μL,震蕩混勻,12 000 r/min離心10 min,取600 μL上清液加入114 μL無水乙醇和0.04 g纖維素粉,震蕩混勻,冰浴30 min;12 000 r/min離心1 min收集纖維素粉,加入600 μL清洗緩沖液,震蕩混勻,靜置3 min,12 000 r/min離心2 min,棄上清收集纖維素粉(重復1次);加入600 μL 1×STE,震蕩混勻,12 000 r/min離心5 min,取上清液,加入0.1倍體積的3 mol/L NaAc(pH=5.2)、等體積的異丙醇,-20 ℃下沉淀1 h;12 000 r/min離心15 min,收集沉淀,用75%乙醇洗1次,風干后溶于DEPC-H2O中。用1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳和溴化乙錠(0.5 μg/mL)染色檢測各菌株中DNA和dsRNA的片段。
2.1曲霉菌株的收集
共獲得絲狀真菌1 446株,曲霉菌株597株。其中黃曲霉菌株467株,煙曲霉菌株90株,黑曲霉菌株40株;各曲霉菌株的典型菌落和孢子頭見圖1,收集到的曲霉菌菌株分布見表1。
2.2597株曲霉菌中攜帶的真菌病毒類型
本研究未檢測到DNA病毒(圖2A),但檢測到dsRNA病毒(圖2B)。對90株煙曲霉中所含有的真菌病毒進行檢測,有11株煙曲霉含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型有2種,在2~4 kbp之間有4條dsRNA片段,在1~2 kbp之間有2條dsRNA片段(圖2B泳道1和2);對467個黃曲霉菌株進行真菌病毒檢測,24個黃曲霉菌株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳的條帶類型有3種,在1~2 kbp之間有3條dsRNA片段(圖2B泳道3和4),在1~3 kbp之間有4條片段(圖2B泳道5);對40個黑曲霉進行真菌病毒檢測,9個黑曲霉含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型只有1種(圖2B泳道6)。

注:A為煙曲霉,B為黃曲霉,C為黑曲霉,D為煙曲霉孢子頭(初期),E為煙曲霉孢子頭(后期),F為黃曲霉孢子頭(初期),G為黃曲霉孢子頭(后期),H為黑曲霉孢子頭圖1 分離所得各曲霉菌的典型菌落和孢子頭形態Fig.1 The colony morphology and conidiophores form of aspergillus

采集地病房數煙曲霉黃曲霉黑曲霉醫院1131915822醫院2100152醫院3264867醫院42282693醫院52215196
在本研究中,在貴陽市5所醫院呼吸科病房的空氣中共分離獲得597株曲霉菌,其中黃曲霉分離頻率最高,煙曲霉次之,結果與國內研究一致[14-15]。有國外學者對醫院環境進行監測,發現黑曲霉是醫院環境最常見曲霉,這與本研究的結果不同[16-17]。在國內外學者的研究中,致病力最強的煙曲霉反而分離頻率較低[14-17]。
真菌病毒大多數為dsRNA病毒,只有少數的DAN病毒[18-19]。本研究對597株曲霉進行真菌病毒檢測,沒有檢測到DNA病毒,但檢測到較多的dsRNA病毒。本研究還發現有些不同的曲霉菌株含有的dsRNA病毒的片段在分子量和數量是相同的,說明這些菌株可能攜帶同1種病毒;1個曲霉菌株中也存在多種類型的dsRNA片段,提示多種病毒可能混合侵染1個曲霉菌株。圖2泳道1和2的電泳條帶類型與煙曲霉中已經發現的真菌病毒的A.fumigatuschrysovirus和A.fumigatuspartitivirus-1的條帶類型幾乎一樣,因此推斷它們可能是同一種病毒[20]。本研究還發現其中一個病毒(圖2B泳道3)的侵染,可能導致黃曲霉的性狀發生變化,但是否對致病力產生影響,需要進一步實驗驗證。
綜上,本研究發現在曲霉菌中存在著較多的真菌病毒,都為dsRNA病毒,未檢出DNA病毒,為尋找曲霉菌致病力衰退相關病毒和利用病毒治療曲霉菌感染提供了dsRNA病毒研究材料。
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(2016-03-01收稿,2016-07-10修回)
中文編輯: 吳昌學; 英文編輯: 劉華
Investigation of Aspergillus Varities and Carrying Mycoviruses from in Respiratory Ward Air of 5 Hospitals in Guiyang City
JIANG Yinhui1, ZHANG Biao1, WU Changxue1, YUAN Qing2, GUAN Zhizhong1, ZHANG Tingting2
(1.MolecularBiologyKeyLaboratory,GuizhouMedicalUniversity,Guiyang550004,Guizhou,China;2.CollegeofBiologicalEngineering,GuizhouMedicalUniversity,Guiyang550004,Guizhou,China)
貴州省科技廳重大專項[黔科合計Z字(2012)4010]; 貴州醫科大學博士啟動基金[院博合J字(2014)035]; 貴州醫科大學2015年高等學校大學生創新創業訓練計劃項目(201510660044)
Email:291066032@qq.com
R519
A
1000-2707(2016)08-0907-04
10.19367/j.cnki.1000-2707.2016.08.010
**
網絡出版時間:2016-08-23網絡出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.5012.R.20160823.1343.038.html