【摘 要】英語寫作是英語學習的最高階段。中學生必須在具備了一定的詞匯積累,語法基礎和英語語感才能進行英語寫作,因此英語寫作也是對中學生學習英語提出的最高要求,是英語教學中的一項艱巨的任務。本文在寫作中如何進行段落的設計進行闡述。
【關鍵詞】高中英語;寫作教學;段落設計
一般說來,一個段落由三部分組成:主題句,擴展句和結論句。主題句提出的論述的主題, 擴展句利用必要的細節對主題加以論證說明,結論句總結全文,在論證的基礎上得出結論。這三者是段落的必要成分,他們相輔相成,構成一個完整的段落。有些段落還有過渡句,它起到段與段之間的順利過渡。下面具體說明:
1.主題句
1)主題句的位置:請找出段落的主題句
Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
2)寫好主題句, 有兩條原則
①主題句要明確, 句中須有一個詞,詞組,或從句讓讀者一目了然本段的確切主題, 明確本段的重點或觀點。
②主題句要概括, 它陳述你要說明的重點和觀點,句中必須包含有可擴展主題的詞,詞組或從句。他應該是你將進一步表明你的態度和看法的概括。同時, 主題句有利于控制作者本人的主題的擴展。
練習:下面一段沒有主題句,請根據全段內容擬定一個主題句。
___________________________. For example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that sills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell.
2.擴展句
擴展句的作用是豐富,支持,擴展主題句的內涵。擴展句的表達形式是多種多樣的, 可以按時間或空間順序,從整體到局部從局部到整體的方法敘述,描寫,說明或議論,也可用比較,對比,比喻, 推導,歸納,演繹的手段來展現。
在作文中, 我們常會談到首先, 其次, 然后, 該如何表達?
1) first, second, third, last
2) the first, the second, the third, the last
3) to begin with, then, furthermore, finally
練習:根據所給的主題句和提示, 寫好段落的擴展句。
主題句: How excited we were when we learned that we were going to have a spring hour.
①after—discussion—agree—climb—out of the city
②we—often pass by mountain—the first time—think of—climb it
③set out—early—morning
④about—an hour—begin—tired—still a long way—go
⑤short break—go on—climb
⑥lunch time—get to the top—mountain
⑦our beautiful city—below us—happy—very tired
結尾句:It proves that many things are just like climbing a mountain; they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.
參考答案:After a heated discussion we agreed to climb the mountain outside the city. We had passed by the mountain when we were taking a bus out of the city, but it was the first time we had thought of climbing it. We started early in the morning. About an hour later, we began to feel tired, but there was still a long way to go. We took a short break and then went on climbing. Not until lunch time did we get to the top of the mountain. At sight of our beautiful city below us, we felt happy though we were tired out.
3.結論句
結論句并非必不可少, 但它能起到以下的作用:(1)表示段落的結束。(2)總結要點,與主題句相呼應。(3)供讀者就本段落的主要內容和見解有個深刻的印象或進行思考。
推薦幾種常用結論句:
感嘆句 1.(主題句:Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.)
結尾句: How important it is to read good books!
疑問句2.(主題句:Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.)
結尾句:Why shouldn’t we read more books to search more and use them to develop our splendid future?
比喻 3.(主題句:When I was a little girl, I lived with my grandparents in a faraway village.)
結尾句: Time was gone with the wind. But my childhood is like amber(琥珀), glittering in my life.
總之,英語書面表達的訓練是綜合能力的訓練之一。大量的多種訓練要貫穿于英語教學的始終,因為英語的聽說讀寫是相互影響、相互作用的有機統一體。平時要鼓勵和指導學生多讀多練,堅持不懈,以至達到“下筆如有神”的境界。
【參考文獻】
[1]方芳.《論高中英語寫作教學中的意義建構》.《教學與管理:理論版》,2010年第4期
[2]潘正選.《新課程標準背景下高中英語寫作教學策略》.《中小學英語教學與研究》,2011年第4期
[3]周勝敏.《基于學生體驗的高中英語寫作教學》.《中小學外語教學》,2011年第7期