印尼造船業：待墾的沃土

□文/本刊記者　陳麗冰

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印尼造船業：待墾的沃土

□文/本刊記者陳麗冰

隨著全球海運的發展及“一帶一路”建設的推進，與此密切相關的船舶業也隨之迎來了發展新機遇。作為全球造船第一大國，中國船舶企業在幾經發展后，已逐漸走上了世界舞臺的頂端。不過，與日本、韓國等國家相比，中國在此領域的海外投資并沒有實質性的發展。在此背景下，欲“走出去”的中國企業可乘著“一帶一路”和國際產能合作的東風，將目光投向海洋大國——印度尼西亞。

廣闊的市場前景

作為世界上最大的群島國家，船舶、航運對印尼的經濟發展至關重要，其90%的貨物流動都是依賴船舶運輸。尤其是近年來，隨著印尼經濟的快速發展，人員往來頻繁以及煤炭、油氣、自然資源等島際運輸需求量猛增，印尼內海航運業船只和運力的供需存在明顯的缺口。據印尼工業部預計，今后10年，印尼對郵輪、貨船等各類船舶的需求量將達4000艘。

不過，受技術水平和生產設備等原因的制約，印尼的造船業并不發達。目前，在印尼250多家船廠中，只有極少數船廠能建造最大為50000載重噸船舶。更大的船，印尼船廠建造周期太長、且質量缺乏保證，不具備經濟合理性，絕大多數會轉而到中國或韓國、日本訂造。另一方面，在印尼目前擁有的約1.36萬艘中，超過40%的船舶船齡均已達30年以上，船舶整體狀況陳舊、落后，效率低下，遠不能夠滿足社會經濟發展和航運業快速發展的需要，急需新的船舶更替。

2014年，印尼總統佐科?維多多上任后，提出了打造海洋強國理念和建設“海上高速公路”的計劃，要通過重點發展海上互聯互通，帶動海陸空和通訊等基礎設施建。其中，造船業作為海上交通運輸和互聯互通的重要支撐，成為印尼政府重點發展的領域。根據公開信息，2015～2019 年，印尼政府將投資699萬億印尼盾（約合574億美元）實施“海上高速公路”建設規劃，其中101.7萬億盾用于購買船舶，10.8萬億盾用于造船廠更新等。同時，歡迎外國企業在印尼進行造船業投資。這對于中國欲“走出去”的船舶企業來說，無疑是一個重大利好的消息。

走出去“授之以漁”

不過，需注意的是，2015年6月，印尼總統佐科已宣布造船限令，禁止政府部門和國有企事業單位向外國采購船舶，外商要與印尼合作只能到當地投資造船業。因此，中國船企欲與印尼進行長期合作，還要改變以往單純為其造船的方式，而是發揮中國船企在管理和技術上的相對優勢，到印尼與當地企業攜手發展造船業，從“授之以魚”到“授之以漁”。

而這也正是印尼當局樂于促成的事。在印尼造船限令頒布后不久，2015年7月，負責吸引外商投資的政府機構—印尼投資協調委員會曾赴中國浙江、福建兩省舉行了有關造船業的投資論壇，并專程去相關造船廠考察。

不僅如此，為加強與中國等外國企業的海洋經濟合作，印尼還出臺了相關扶持政策，如外國投資者可擁有印尼造船廠100%的所有權，船廠建成之后的6年內、每年可享受5%的企業所得稅優惠；取消和降低船舶零件的進口關稅和增值稅、降低造船企業生產環節增值稅；同時，落實“一站式”服務，簡化投資者在印尼申請投資許可的程序等等。這一系列優惠政策的陸續出臺，不僅降低了外國企業在印尼投資造船業的風險，也為中國造船企業進入印尼市場提供難得的機遇。

值得一提的是，在這方面，已有不少中國企業進行了積極探索，為中國船企“走出去”提供了典范。2015年3月10日，中國船級社雅加達辦事處在印尼首都雅加達舉行開業儀式，將秉承“安全、環保，為客戶和社會創造價值”的宗旨，為印尼當地造船和航運提供優質、高效、務實的服務。而中國深圳市粵航進出口有限公司也在印尼代表處的基礎上，正式注冊了印尼的有限公司，并持續豐富在印尼的船用備件庫存。

這些也只是中國船企成功“走出去”的縮影。相信，今后隨著“一帶一路”建設的不斷推進，以及印尼“海上高速公路”政策的落實，將為中國船企投資印尼提供極大的發展空間。中國船企不僅可通過設立海外建造基地的方式，降低造船成本，同時也可與當地企業深入合作，出口相關配套設備出口及服務。

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Banks Push for More Trade in Yuan

written by Sor Chandara

W ith trade between Cambodia and China steadily growing,banking sector players have put out a call to increase facilities for businesses using Chinese currency to pay for imports and exports.

Speaking at a workshop organised by the Bank of China,Chen Changjiang,CEO at the Bank of China in Phnom Penh,said the use of the yuan in business transactions had progressed steadily since the bank was appointed by the National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) to be a clearing bank for local and cross-border yuan transactions.

“The internationalisation of the yuan will not only help China increasingly integrate with the world,but can provide more channels for cross-border investments,trade and financial dealing,” Chen said.

He added that the Bank of China’s branch in Phnom Penh had settled 35 million yuan,the equivalent of $5.5 million,in cross-border remittance settlements during the fi rst six months of the year.

The Bank of China is one of two approved yuan clearing banks in Cambodia,along with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC).

A number of other local fi nancial institutions offer businesses yuan settlement services.

Bilateral trade between Cambodia and China topped $3.7 billion last year and is expected to reach $5 billion by 2017,according to a Bank of China report.

E Zhihuan,head of the economics and strategic planning department at the Bank of China (Hong Kong),said fast-growing trade relations between Cambodia and China have laid a solid foundation for further development of yuan-based transactions and built up a sizable yuan liquidity pool in Cambodia.

“Cambodian firms will benefit from the use of the yuan in settlements,especially in the case of Cambodian exports to China,where they will receive payments in a stable currency with low volatility,” he said.

“On the flip side,with imports from China,making payments in yuan could increase a trader’s bargaining power and help negotiate for better prices.”

Independent economist Srey Chanthy said the use of the yuan for settlements in trade with China presents no problem for Cambodia’s economy,and will provide better coordination of business activities.But its use for daily transactions could undermine the banking system.

“If we use the yuan,like we do the dollar,there will be problems.It will be complicated for people,who may lose confi dence in the banking system and they could stop depositing money in banks,” he said.

He continued that for trade settlements,using the yuan would protect traders from potential losses due to fl uctuations in the dollar exchange rate.

Bun Mony,chairman of the Cambodia Microfi nance Association,said that the dollar and euro continue to remain the primary currencies for settling payments in Cambodia,with the yuan still being used on only small scale.

“If China wants to promote yuan in business transactions they need to release more yuan in the market,” he said.“If they release more and increase business activity in yuan,I believe it will grow.”

The internationalisation of the yuan will not only help China increasingly integrate with the world,but can provide more channels for cross-border investments,trade and fi nancial dealing.

Resource:www.phnompenhpost.com