安徽省懷遠第一中學 王玉峰
動詞不定式省略標志詞to的情況
安徽省懷遠第一中學 王玉峰
大家知道動詞不定式是由動詞原形與標志詞to構成,就是常見的to do sth.形式,但是卻有不少情況下作為標志詞的小品詞to不見了。這是怎么回事呢?現在就跟同學們聊聊不定式省掉to的那些事兒。
(一)當let,make,have等使役動詞后跟不定式作賓語補足語時,不定式必須省略to。但是如果使役動詞用在被動語態中則to不可以省掉,其實let與have極少用于被動語態。像get,force,oblige等使役動詞跟不定式作賓補時無論用于主動還是被動to都不可以省掉。如:
1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some thought and then let me know.
2.My parents have always made me feel good about myself,even when I was twelve.
3.She had him dig away the snow.她讓他把雪挖走。
4.The law obliged parents to send their children to school.法律要求父母送子女上學。
【考例】The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.
【答案與解析】 felt改為feel。考查使役動詞make sb.do sth.的用法,make跟不定式作賓語補足語在主動語態中不帶to,me與賓語feel之間是邏輯上主謂關系,不能用表示被動意義的過去分詞felt。
(二)當表示感覺的動詞feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,look at,listen to等跟不定式作賓語補足語時,在主動語態中不定式省略to,但是在被動語態中的to須帶上。如:
I saw/noticed him take the book away.我看見他把書拿走了。
We heard her sigh with relief.我們聽到她寬慰地嘆了一口氣。
(一)動詞不定式作介詞except和but賓語后省去to的情況
動詞不定式通常不作介詞賓語,但是卻可以作介詞except或but的賓語,這是例外情況。如果前面有實意動詞do的形式則不定式不帶to;其前沒有do則不定式通常帶to。如:
She lived in the sick-room,never quitting it except to snatch a few hours'rest at night.
她住在病房里,寸步不離,除非是在夜間去匆匆休息幾個小時。
He hardly speaks to me,except to make Elena laugh,like when he calls me Mousy.
他幾乎一句話也不對我說,除非是為了逗埃萊娜笑,就像他叫我小老鼠的時候那樣。
After saying those words,he did nothing but add to my anger.
說完這些話,他沒怎么樣,卻讓我更生氣了。
(二)help后的不定式to省略情況
動詞不定式可以在及物動詞help后作賓語或者賓語補足語,此時的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to,意義沒有大的區別。如果不定式用否定形式,其中的to不宜省略。如果help用于被動語態,則其后不定式必須帶to。如:
He helped(to)keep us in touch with what was going on there.
他幫助我們了解那兒的情況。
That experience helped him(to)develop a feeling for the beauty of nature.
那段經歷幫助他培養了對自然美的鑒賞力。
His misfortune made him more interesting,and even helped him to be the fashion.
他的不幸使他更受人關注,甚至使他成了紅人。
She was helped to carry the parcel.她有人幫忙拿包裹。(被動語態中to不省掉)
How can I help my children not to worry about their exams?
我怎樣才能幫助我的孩子們不為他們的考試擔心呢?(否定句中to不省掉)
動詞不定式作表語時是需要帶to,但是當主語部分有動詞do的某種形式時,用作表語的不定式可以省略to,也可以不省略,此時句子的時態為一般現在時(is)或一般過去時(was)。如:
What you first do is(to)mix the egg with flour.你先得把雞蛋和面粉和好。
All I did was(to)touch the window,and it broke.我只不過碰了一下窗戶,玻璃就碎了。
All he could do was(to)rush into the room.他只有沖進房間。
當兩個或多個作用相同的不定式并列時,通常只需在第一個不定式前用 to,其余不定式前的to可以省略。如:
He thinks it is safer to drive himself than(to)let me drive.
他認為自己開車要比讓我開車更安全些。
Will you go to see the film or(to)dance?你要去看電影還是要去跳舞?
I'll go to see him myself and(to)ask him about it.我將親自去看望他并問一問那件事情。
It is easier to persuade people than(to)force them.說服人容易,強迫人難。
但是,如果兩者有對比關系,則后面不定式前的to不可省略。如:
To try and fail is better than not to try at all.嘗試而失敗總比不嘗試好。
1.Why not do sth....?=Why don't you...?用于表示同意、贊成、勸誘等,其意為“為什么不……呢”。如:
Why not do something to get out of routine if you're so dissatisfied with your job?
你既然這么不滿意自己的工作,為什么不設法改變一下呢?
2.had better do sth....最好做某事,表示建議,had better通常看作是情態動詞。如:
You had better not count on an increase in your salary this year.你今年最好別指望漲工資。
3.would rather do sth....than do...寧愿做某事。如:
Most people would rather be successful than knowledgeable.
大多數人更喜歡成功,而不是知識淵博。
4.prefer to do sth....rather than do sth.寧愿做某事而不愿做另一事。如:
I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.我寧愿走著去,而不愿坐公共汽車去。
5.固定搭配中的不定式to省略:(1)let類固定搭配:let fall(無意中說出),let fly(發射、攻擊),let go(放開),let slip(放走);(2)make類搭配:make believe(假裝),make do(湊合著用)等。如:
The dog's got a stick between his teeth and he won't let go.那狗叼著一根棍子不松口。
We were in a hurry so we had to make do with a quick snack.
我們時間很緊,只好隨便吃了點小吃。