王琳 綜述 王馨 審校
·綜述·
靶向時代腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的探索
王琳 綜述 王馨 審校
腫瘤分子靶向藥物具有與化療藥物不同的作用機理。目前對腫瘤的療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是針對化療藥物療效的評價,從最早的WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展到RECIST和RECIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn),盡管在細節(jié)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方面不斷完善,但均以測量腫瘤的大小作為評價指標(biāo),其原理基于化療藥物直接殺死腫瘤細胞。但是,靶向治療藥物主要是抑制腫瘤細胞增殖,其對腫瘤的作用模式不同于化療藥物,因此近幾年出現(xiàn)了對靶向藥物療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的探索,本文對以CT值作為功能學(xué)指標(biāo)的腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其后續(xù)的一系列mChoi、SACT、MASS的腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行了詳述。
腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 靶向藥物治療
判斷治療前后腫瘤形態(tài)的變化是評價治療療效的一個手段,腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在腫瘤學(xué)領(lǐng)域起到了標(biāo)尺的作用。本文對腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展進行綜述,簡述了WHO、RECIST、RECIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn),著重介紹了適合分子靶向藥物療效評價的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其后續(xù)的一系列(mChoi、SACT、MASS)療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.1WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
最早的腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)于1981年由WHO組織首次發(fā)表,以腫瘤雙徑的乘積之和作為評價腫瘤負荷的指標(biāo)(圖1)。WHO療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]在腫瘤學(xué)界和制藥業(yè)中應(yīng)用了很久,為國際交流和臨床試驗的國際合作提供了基礎(chǔ)。
1.2RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
在WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用幾十年后,發(fā)現(xiàn)常需調(diào)整內(nèi)容以適應(yīng)新技術(shù)或者補充說明其中不明確的部分,導(dǎo)致各機構(gòu)之間的結(jié)論不夠統(tǒng)一,為了解決這些問題,90年代專門成立了一個國際工作組來簡化評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由此,2000年推出RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors)[2],它以腫瘤最大徑作為腫瘤負荷的指標(biāo)(圖2),就可測量病灶的最小體積、隨訪的病灶數(shù)目(最多10個,每個器官最多5個)等進行了統(tǒng)一的規(guī)定,使其可操作性更強,從而
成為最為廣泛使用的療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(表1)。

圖1 雙徑測量Figure 1Measurement of two diameters

圖2 單徑測量Figure 2Measurement of one diameter

表1 WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Table 1WHO criteria and RECIST criteria
自2000年以來,RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為國際上通用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),隨著國際上臨床試驗合作增多,從實踐中得出了修改的證據(jù),2009年European Journal of Cancer上首次發(fā)布了新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-RECIST 1.1療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]。
1.3RECIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
RECIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍是以腫瘤最大徑作為測量指標(biāo),與RECIST一脈相承。近幾年大型臨床試驗和臨床實踐已經(jīng)開始應(yīng)用RECIST 1.1作為統(tǒng)一的療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
RECIST 1.1主要針對引起廣泛爭議及模糊不清的內(nèi)容進行了修改[3],具有簡單、最優(yōu)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化等特點。減少可測量病灶數(shù)目、廢除療效的再確認使得臨床試驗的工作量大大減少。對病理性淋巴結(jié)、骨病灶、囊性病灶、既往局部治療過的病灶、以及病灶太小測量誤差太大的等情況下如何處理,進行了清晰的定義[4]。
RECIST 1.1中提到可以應(yīng)用FDG-PET作為確認新發(fā)病灶的一種影像學(xué)方法,簡單涉及到了腫瘤的功能學(xué)改變。事實上,近些年腫瘤的治療取得了巨大的進步,出現(xiàn)了越來越多的靶向治療藥物。傳統(tǒng)的化療藥物主要是直接殺死腫瘤細胞,因此WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、RECIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均關(guān)注腫瘤的大小變化,而靶向治療藥物主要是抑制腫瘤細胞增殖,腫瘤大小變化常常不能敏感反映療效,先于腫瘤大小變化之前,其內(nèi)部的功能已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,化療一般要2個月左右才能看到療效,而靶向藥物一般只要2~4周[5]。
很多靶向藥物使腫瘤穩(wěn)定而不是縮小,盡管以RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看反應(yīng)率很低,但臨床卻看到了總生存的延長[6-8]。有時因療效較佳,腫瘤內(nèi)部發(fā)生液化和壞死,而腫瘤外部形態(tài)變化不明顯(圖3)[9],甚至由于出血或壞死而表現(xiàn)為體積增加(圖4)[10],若僅依據(jù)外部形態(tài)大小改變的RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則易誤判為穩(wěn)定或者病情進展[5,8]。

圖3 轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌TKI(酪氨酸激酶抑制劑)治療后腫瘤中心發(fā)生壞死,而體積變化不大Figure 3A.CT images obtained before TK-inhibitor therapy;B.CT images obtained after TK-inhibitor therapy show marked central necrosis and minimal change in size
目前,對靶向藥物臨床試驗的療效評價仍采用RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn),導(dǎo)致其可能低估了靶向藥物的客觀有效率[11],從而低估了其療效,導(dǎo)致敏感性不足。甚至在Ⅱ期臨床試驗時,一些可能帶來臨床獲益、值得進一步研究的靶向藥物因為RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低估了其療效,導(dǎo)致達不到統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,而不能進入Ⅲ期臨床試驗,錯失了可能有效的藥物。在臨床應(yīng)用中,RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在最初評價為SD的時候,由于敏感性不足,無法將下次評價時為PD與PR的患者區(qū)分開,以便及時地
改變治療策略[12]。

圖4 腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移的胃腸間質(zhì)瘤患者伊馬替尼治療前后腫瘤影像學(xué)變化Figure 4CT and FDG-PET images obtained before and after treatment of imatinib mesylate on a gastrointestinal stromal tumor patient with recurrent peritoneal metastases.
RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以腫瘤大小作為指標(biāo)難以準(zhǔn)確反映分子靶向藥物的治療療效,有學(xué)者倡議不應(yīng)再使用[13],后續(xù)不少學(xué)者都嘗試改變思路,探索引入功能學(xué)改變的指標(biāo)。
3.1Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
在功能學(xué)指標(biāo)的療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,值得關(guān)注的是Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10],因為其與RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均建立在CT檢查的基礎(chǔ)上,方法簡便、成熟、經(jīng)濟、易于推廣,并與RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有一定的延續(xù)性。Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將CT值作為腫瘤最大徑外的另一項指標(biāo)引入到腫瘤療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,基于CT值反映組織的密度,而腫瘤密度的改變間接反映了代謝功能的改變,以增強CT上的CT值來描述,單位是Hounsfield Units(HU)。PR被定義為最大徑減少≥10%,或增強CT檢查CT值下降≥15% HU,而PD被定義為最大徑增大≥10%且CT值變化不符合PR標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10](表2)。

表2 主要療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對比Table 2Comparison of main tumor response evaluation criteria
Choi等[10]選取伊馬替尼治療轉(zhuǎn)移性胃腸間質(zhì)瘤40例,滿足RECIST要求的172個病灶。在治療前及治療后2個月行CT及FDG-PET檢查。對CT上腫瘤的大小及密度(HU)和FDG-PET的SUVmax結(jié)果進行多變量分析,其療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的分界點是基于同一病灶在FDG-PET上SUVmax減少70%。應(yīng)用Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)識別FDG-PET影像上有變化者(CR和PR)的敏感性、特異性分別為97%、100%和52%、100%。2個月后應(yīng)用Choi評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定有變化者比無變化者具有更長的TTP(time to progression),其結(jié)果有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.01),且Choi評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與DSS(disease-specific survival)有更好的相關(guān)性。并在后續(xù)的伊馬替尼治療轉(zhuǎn)移性胃腸間質(zhì)瘤患者中再次得到印證[14]。
在舒尼替尼治療轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌的患者中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)了Choi療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有益于早期識別可以從舒尼替尼的治療中獲益的患者,比RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對無進展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)和總生存(overall survival,OS)具有更好的預(yù)測價值[12]。
3.2基于Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的后續(xù)療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(mChoi、SACT、MASS標(biāo)準(zhǔn))
在借鑒Choi療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的思路后,陸續(xù)有不同的學(xué)者通過研究轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌靶向治療的資料,提出了一系列的療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如mChoi療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Modified Choi criteria[15]、SACT療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(size and attenuation CT criteria)[16-18]、MASS療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(morphology,attenuation,size and structure criteria)[19]都顯示出比RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更高的敏感性,同時保持了特異性。
mChoi療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和Choi的不同是,PR的評價需要滿足最大徑縮小10%且CT值下降15%,即大小和功能的變化都要滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(而不是其中一項滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),才能判定為PR,從而調(diào)高了分界點(表2)。比較RECIST、Choi、mChoi療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),mChoi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中位TTP曲線距離最大[15]。
SACT療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,滿足以下任何一種情況即可定義為PR:1)最大徑減少≥20%;2)最大徑減少≥10%且一半的非肺病灶平均CT值下降20HU。且發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些特殊的CT增強方式(起初中心壞死的部分出現(xiàn)明顯的增強;原本均勻一致的無增強低CT值的區(qū)域出現(xiàn)新的增強)與進展相關(guān),當(dāng)存在這些CT增強方式的時候,也定義為進展(表2)。當(dāng)基線CT值較低時,治療后早期就可以下降15%,從而降低了療效評價的準(zhǔn)確性,因此,使用CT值下降的絕對值作為分界點可能是SACT標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比Choi及mChoi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更有利的原因[16]。
SACT標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中未納入腫瘤治療后出現(xiàn)明顯壞死這一現(xiàn)象,事實上,這表示腫瘤治療非常有效,與較長的PFS相關(guān),在MASS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,已將其納入到PR的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中(存在一個或多個增強后瘤體顯著壞死)(表2)。MASS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括了各種形態(tài)、大小、CT值、增強模式的定義,因此比SCAT、mChoi、Choi更精確。并且,MASS評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在不同的檢測者之間顯示出了很高的一致性[9]。
3.3Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其后續(xù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的特點及應(yīng)用
近幾年,陸續(xù)有學(xué)者在Choi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其后續(xù)的一系列(mChoi、SACT、MASS)療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)表以后,應(yīng)用其中的一些概念來分析形態(tài)學(xué)改變與PFS、TTP、OS、DSS等的關(guān)系,甚至與治療后手術(shù)病理改變的關(guān)系,以期望找到合適的腫瘤療效評價方法,這些概念主要包括兩個方面(表2):1)腫瘤密度(即腫瘤在增強CT上治療前后CT值的變化)的改變;2)腫瘤在增強CT上表現(xiàn)的提示療效的某些特殊增強模式。這些概念在胃腸間質(zhì)瘤和轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌的靶向治療中應(yīng)用較多,較為成熟,陸續(xù)還涉及到神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌[17]、結(jié)腸癌[18-22]、血管外皮細胞瘤和惡性孤立性纖維瘤[23-24]、脊索瘤[25]、肝癌[26-27]、胸腺瘤[28]、惡性黑色素瘤[29]、濾泡淋巴瘤[30]。并且靶向治療之外的治療領(lǐng)域也開始嘗試應(yīng)用這些概念進行療效評價,如局部治療[17,21-22]、化療[18-20],包括一些新藥的Ⅱ期臨床試驗[25]等。
腫瘤靶向治療的時代已經(jīng)到來,腫瘤靶向治療后的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)與既往單一化療有較大差別,隨著對腫瘤的各種信號通路的了解更為深入,我們應(yīng)該重新定義“標(biāo)尺”,用符合腫瘤靶向治療后表現(xiàn)的療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行判定。
1Miller AB,Hoogstraten B,Staquet M,et al.Reporting results of cancer treatment[J].Cancer,1981,47(1):207-214.
2Therasse P,Arbuck SG,Eisenhauer EA,et al.New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors[J].J Nati Cancer Inst,2000,92(3):205-216.
3Eisenhauer EA,Therasse P,Bogaerts J,et al.New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours:revised RECIST guideline(version 1.1)[J].Eur J Cancer,2009,45(2):228-247.
4van Meerten ELV,Gelderblom H,Bloem JL.RECIST revised:implications for the radiologist.A review article on the modified RECIST guideline[J].Eur Radiol,2010,20(6):1456-1467.
5Figueiras RG,Padhani AR,Goh VJ,et al.Novel oncologic drugs:what they do and how they affect images[J].Radiographics,2011,31(7):2059-2091.
6Escudier B,Eisen T,Stadler WM,et al.Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma[J].N Engl J Med,2007,356(2):125-134.
7Hudes G,Carducci M,Tomczak P,et al.Temsirolimus,interferon
alfa,or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma[J].N Engl J Med,2007,356(22):2271-2281.
8van der Veldt AAM,Meijerink MR,van den Eertwegh AJM,et al. Targeted therapies in renal cell cancer:recent developments in imaging[J].Target Oncol,2010,5(2):95-112.
9Smith AD,Shah SN,Rini BI,et al.Morphology,Attenuation,Size,and Structure(MASS)criteria:assessing response and predicting clinical outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma on antiangiogenic targeted therapy[J].Am J Roenthenol,2010,194(6):1470-1478.
10 Choi H,Charnsangavej C,F(xiàn)aria SC,et al.Correlation of computed tomography and positron emission tomography in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated at a single institution with imatinib mesylate:proposal of new computed tomography response criteria[J].J Clin Oncol,2007,25(13):1753-1759.
11 Van Cruijsen H,Van der Veldt AA,Hoekman K.Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of VEGF receptors:clinical issues and unanswered questions[J].Front Biosci,2008,14(2248-2268):266.
12 van der Veldt AAM,Meijerink MR,van den Eertwegh AJM,et al. Choi response criteria for early prediction of clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with sunitinib[J].Br J Cancer,2010,102(5):803-809.
13 Benjamin RS,Choi H,Macapinlac HA,et al.We should resist using RECIST,at least in GIST[J].J Clin Oncol,2007,25(13):1760-1764.
14 Choi H.Response evaluation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J]. Oncologist,2008,13(Supplement 2):4-7.
15 Nathan,PD,Yinayan,A,Stott,D,et al.CT response assessment combining reduction in both size and arterial phase density correlates with time to progression in metastatic renal cancer patients treated with targeted therapies[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2010,9(1):15-19.
16 Smith AD,Lieber ML,Shah SN.Assessing tumor response and detecting recurrence in metastatic renal cell carcinoma on targeted therapy:importance of size and attenuation on contrast-enhanced CT[J].Am J Roenthenol,2010,194(1):157-165.
17 Neperud J,Mahvash A,Garg N,et al.Can imaging patterns of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases predict response yttruim-90 radioembolotherapy[J]?World J Radiol,2013,5(6):241-247.
18 Chun YS,Vauthey JN,Boonsirikamchai P,et al.Association of computed tomography morphologic criteria with pathologic response and survival in patients treated with bevacizumab for colorectal liver metastases[J].JAMA-J Am Med Assoc,2009,302(21):2338-2344.
19 Shindoh J,Loyer EM,Kopetz S,et al.Optimal morphologic response to preoperative chemotherapy:an alternate outcome end point before resection of hepatic colorectal metastases[J].J Clin Oncol,2012,30(36):4566-4572.
20 Shindoh J,Chun YS,Loyer EM,et al.Non-Size-Based Response Criteria to Preoperative Chemotherapy in Patients With Colorectal Liver Metastases:The Morphologic Response Criteria[J].Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep,2013,9(2):198-202.
21 Tochetto SM,Rezai P,Rezvani M,et al.Does Multidetector CT Attenuation Change in Colon Cancer Liver Metastases Treated with 90Y Help Predict Metabolic Activity at FDG PET[J].Radiology,2010,255(1):164-172.
22 Tochetto SM,T?re HG,Chalian H,et al.Colorectal Liver Metastasis After 90Y Radioembolization Therapy:Pilot Study of Change in MDCT Attenuation as a Surrogate Marker for Future FDG PET Response[J].Am J Roentgenol,2012,198(5):1093-1099.
23 Park MS,Patel SR,Ludwig JA,et al.Activity of temozolomide and bevacizumab in the treatment of locally advanced,recurrent,and metastatic hemangiopericytoma and malignant solitary fibrous tumor[J].Cancer,2011,117(21):4939-4947.
24 Park MS,Ravi V,Conley A,et al.The role of chemotherapy in advanced solitary fibrous tumors:a retrospective analysis[J].Clin Sarcoma Res,2013,3(1):7-14.
25 Stacchiotti S,Tamborini E,Vullo SL,et al.Phase II study on lapatinib in advanced EGFR-positive chordoma[J].Ann Oncol,2013,24(7):1931-1936.
26 Ronot M,Bouattour M,Wassermann J,et al.Alternative Response Criteria(Choi,European association for the study of the liver,and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors[RECIST])Versus RECIST 1.1 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib[J].Oncologist,2014,19(4):394-402.
27 Heo J,Reid T,Ruo L,et al.Randomized dose-finding clinical trial of oncolytic immunotherapeutic vaccinia JX-594 in liver cancer[J]. Nat Med,2013,19(3):329-336.
28 Marotta V,Ramundo V,Camera L,et al.Sorafenib in advanced iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer:efficacy,safety and exploratory analysis of role of serum thyroglobulin and FDG-PET[J].Clin Endocrinol,2013,78(5):760-767.
29 Uhrig M,Hassel JC,Schlemmer HP,et al.Therapy Response Assessment in Metastatic Melanoma Patients Treated with a BRAF Inhibitor:Adapted Choi Criteria Can Reflect Early Therapy Response Better than Does RECIST[J].Acad Radiol,2013,20(4):423-429.
30 Spira D,Vogel W,S?kler M,et al.Size and attenuation CT(SACT)of residual masses in patients with follicular Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:More than a status quo[J]?Eur J Radiol,2012,81(7):1657-1661.
(2014-12-29收稿)
(2015-03-12修回)
(編輯:鄭莉)
Exploration of tumor response evaluation criteria in the era of targeted therapy
Lin WANG,Xin WANG
Lin WANG;E-mail:wangling_linda82@163.com
The era of targeted molecular therapy for cancer has arrived.The mechanisms of targeted molecular drugs are different from those of chemotherapy drugs.The tumor response evaluation criteria that we currently use are the summary of experiences from evaluating the effect of chemotherapy drugs.Despite continuous improvement and standardization of the details,tumor response evaluation criteria,from the earliest WHO criteria to the improved RECIST and RECIST 1.1 criteria,are all based on measurement of tumor size,as chemotherapy drugs directly kill tumor cells.The aforementioned criteria are outlined in this review.However,targeted molecular drugs mainly inhibit tumor cell proliferation.The effect of targeted molecular drugs on tumors is different from that of chemotherapy drugs.Thus,tumor response evaluation criteria suitable for targeted molecular drugs have been developed in recent years.This review introduces Choi criteria that use CT attenuation coefficient(Hounsfield unit[HU])to describe tumor density.The criteria have measured indicators that include tumor size and tumor density.This review also introduces the following criteria derived from the Choi criteria for Modified Choi(mChoi)criteria size and attenuation CT(SACT),and morphology,attenuation,size,and structure(MASS).
response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,targeted molecular therapy

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20142149
①廈門大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院腫瘤科(福建省廈門市361004)
王琳wanglin_linda82@163.com
Department of Oncology,Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University,Xiamen 361004,China
王琳專業(yè)方向為消化道及乳腺惡性腫瘤、惡性腫瘤的綜合治療。
E-mail:wanglin_linda82@163.com