細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題技巧

楊富章

一、常見設(shè)問形式

1.Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage？

2.Which of the following （sentences/statements） is NOT true according to the passage？

3.According to the passage，all of the following are TRUE except/but ? ? ? ?.

4.The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT ? ? ? ?.

5.In the passage，the author states that ? ? ? ?.

6.According to the passage，when （where，why，how，who，etc...？

二、常見題型

描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題;數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題;排序題;信息尋找題;圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題;表格理解題。

三、設(shè)題方式

1.語意轉(zhuǎn)換。細(xì)節(jié)理解題設(shè)題時(shí)為了避免出現(xiàn)原文中所用的詞匯，常常使用一些同義詞、近義詞或反義詞（雙重否定）。因而在解題時(shí)要注意語意轉(zhuǎn)換。

2.設(shè)題順序。一般來說，題序與其相關(guān)信息在文中的順序一致，如某題的答案信息往往會(huì)在下一小題的答案信息之前。

3.設(shè)題干擾項(xiàng)。

①正誤并存：部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。

②擴(kuò)大或縮小范圍：是原文信息，但不是題干要求。

③偷換概念：符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。

④以偏概全：與原句的內(nèi)容極其相似，但在程度、態(tài)度、褒貶色彩上有變動(dòng)。

⑤無中生有：明顯不是文章的信息，與文章事實(shí)不符或相反。

四、解題技巧

1.迅速定位，縮小范圍。通過尋讀法（scanning），用題干中的關(guān)鍵詞在文中搜索，迅速確定相關(guān)詞句或信息點(diǎn)所在的位置，縮小閱讀范圍。

2.理解其意，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)。在找到關(guān)鍵詞句后，要仔細(xì)閱讀，準(zhǔn)確理解，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，看哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思與之最接近。

3.排除干擾，選出答案。在作出選擇的過程中，要善于辨別真?zhèn)?，排除干擾，縮小范圍，選出正確答案。

注意 ?如果題干中含有否定意義的詞，如NOT，EXCEPT等，應(yīng)特別留心;在解答排序題時(shí)，可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找到第一個(gè)動(dòng)作和最后一個(gè)動(dòng)作，縮小范圍以便能迅速選出正確答案。

例1 ?Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City， Kahlo suffered from polio （小兒麻痹癥） at the age of seven. Her spine （脊柱） became bent as she grew older. Then， in 1925， her back was broken in several places in a schoolbus accident. Throughout the rest of her life， the artist had many operations， but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However， the accident had an unexpected side effect. While lying in her bed recovering， Kahlo taught herself to paint.

In 1929， she got married to Diego Rivera， another famous Mexican artist. Riveras strong influence on Kahlos style can be seen in her early works，but her later works from the 1940s，known today as her best works， show less influence from her husband.

1.The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by ? ? ? ? .

A.polio ? B.her bent spine

C.back injuries ? D.the operation she had

解析 ?C。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段her back was broken in several places in a schoolbus accident...but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back可知。

2.Kahlos style had become increasingly independent since the ? ? ? ? .

A.1930s ?B.1940s ?C.1950s ?D.1970s

解析 ?B。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段but her later works from the 1940s，known today as her best works， show less influence from her husband可知。

例2 ?Its everywhere. Indoors，advertising is in magazines and newspapers，on television，and even popping up on computer screens， outdoors，advertising means billboards. They are in train stations and on the sides of buildings. They are along highways in the countryside. Billboards were once large painted signs that urged customers to buy anything from fried chicken to dish soap. Nowadays billboards are high-tech devices that advertise the products of the modern world， from cellular phone service to perfume.

Billboards have changed along with technology. Originally painted directly onto wooden boards or the sides of buildings， billboards were first improved by attaching large printed vinyl strips to a structure to form an advertisers message. Later，mechanical billboards were developed which could display three different images. As one image changed to the next，the movement caught the eye of anyone passing by. More ?recently，electronic technology has produced backlit billboards which shine a light through an image printed on a sheet of plastic，and digital billboards that can display huge images similar to those on a television screen.

The latest trend in billboards is interactivity. In Belgium，a billboard that looked like a pinball machine had people on the street using text messaging to answer a question the billboard sent to their cell phones. If they answered correctly，they had a chance to win a new car. In Japan，some billboards feature QR （Quick Response） codes，a newer version of bar codes，which can be read by specially programmed camera cell phones. When a person takes a picture of a billboard with a QR code，the advertisers website appears on their phone. A billboard in New Yorks Times Square lets people on the street play a video game using their cell phones，and a huge digital sign in Londons Piccadilly Circus responds when someone waves at it and displays different images depending on the weather.

Billboards do not always get a positive reaction，however. The large number of billboards along American highways led to the Highway Beautification Act of 1965. This group of laws aimed to preserve the scenic beauty of the countryside as well as the safety of people driving in cars by limiting the number and location of billboards. In Athens，Greece，city officials ordered the removal of hundreds of downtown billboards before the 2004 Olympic Games in an effort to restore the citys historical beauty. Billboards may be a favourite of advertisers，but not everyone wants to look at them.

1.Where will you probably not see a billboard？

A.On a building. ? B.In the countryside.

C.In a magazine. ? D.In a train station.

解析 ?C。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由第一段中的They are in train stations and on the sides of buildings. They are along highways in the countryside.可知。

2.Which type of billboard is the oldest ？

A.A digital billboard.

B.A painted billboard.

C.A mechanical billboard.

D.A printed billboard.

解析 ?B。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段Originally painted directly on to wooden boards...可知。

3.Which billboard could people without a cell phone interact with？

A.The one in Belgium.

B.The one in Japan.

C.The one in New York.

D.The one in London.

解析 ?D。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段倒數(shù)第一句講到在倫敦的Piccadilly Circus的一個(gè)巨大的數(shù)字符號(hào)，依靠天氣產(chǎn)生相互作用。

4.Why were billboards in Athens removed before the 2004 Olympic Games？

A.The billboards were too old.

B.The billboards could not be removed during the games.

C.The advertisers did not want to support the games.

D.The government wanted downtown Athens to look better.

解析 ?D。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。最后一段倒數(shù)第二句restore the citys historical beauty說明是政府希望雅典市中心看起來更好。

例3 ?Tuition Fees （學(xué)費(fèi)）

Tuition fees are different from department to department，generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year. For further information：tui@waikato.ac.nz.

Accommodation （住宿）

You can have a room in a 4bedroom flat，which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information：acc@waikato.ac.nz.

You have to pay at least ? ? ? ? a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

A.$5，250 ? B.$8，000

C.$9，000 ? D.$11，000

解析 ?B。數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題。本篇是介紹Waikato大學(xué)的廣告。從Tuition Fees：Tuition fees are different from department to department，generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year.和Accommodation：You can have a room in a 4bedroom flat， which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person.可知，在那兒學(xué)習(xí)一年的費(fèi)用是：$5，000（學(xué)費(fèi)）+$100（住宿費(fèi)）×12（months）+$150（生活費(fèi)）×12（months）=$8，000。

例4 ?People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store，a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system that will organize the trip around the store. If youre looking for toothpicks，you type in the word or pick it from a list，and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.

The devices also keeps a record of what you buy. When youve finished，the device figures out your bill. Then you go to the checker or place your card into a self-checkout stand and pay.

Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping card？

a.Start the system.

b.Make a shopping list.

c.Find the things you want.

d.Go to a self-checkout stand.

A.abdc ?B.bacd ? C.acbd ?D.bcad

解析 ?B。排序題。 由第一段第一句話可知第一件事是make a shopping list，到了商店后start the system，根據(jù)指引you can find them，最后去結(jié)賬，故順序?yàn)閎acd。本題也可采用排除法，c和d是相鄰且為先后的順序，故排除A、C、D。本題還可結(jié)合自己的購物常識(shí)進(jìn)行快速判斷。

例5 ?Mothers，doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a babys blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed. In this state， the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible. The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.

According to the paragraph，one reason why a baby cries is that it feels ? ? ? ? .

A.sick ?B.upset ? C.sleepy ?D.hungry

解析 ?D。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由該段最后一句The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth. 可知。hungry是searching for food的近義替換。