弓三東,崔立紅
海軍總醫院 消化內科,北京 100048
糞菌移植在腸易激綜合征中的研究進展
弓三東,崔立紅
海軍總醫院 消化內科,北京 100048
糞菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)可以糾正腸道微生態失衡,近年來已成功應用于部分腸道微生態相關疾病的治療,但FMT在腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)中的研究仍較少。本文對腸道微生態與IBS的關系、FMT在IBS中的臨床應用、可能機制、安全性及應用前景等方面的最新進展進行綜述。
糞菌移植;腸道菌群;腸道微生態;腸易激綜合征
1.1 正常腸道微生態 人體腸道內含有100萬億多的微生物,種類多達500 ~ 1 000[6]。這些微生物包括細菌(99.9%以上)、真菌、病毒、原蟲和寄生蟲等[7]。它們參與維持腸道的正常生理和免疫功能。因此,FMT實際上應為“糞微生態移植”。人類腸道微生態受遺傳、生活環境、飲食習慣和抗生素的影響而存在個體和地域差異[8-9]。目前研究發現,相比于人體其他部位(皮膚、口腔),腸道微生態能長期保持相對穩定[10-11]。
有學者將人類腸道菌群宏基因組分為擬桿菌屬、普里沃菌屬和瘤胃球菌屬為代表的3個腸型[12]。腸道菌群可分為共生菌、條件致病菌和過路菌3類[13]:1)共生菌是腸道的優勢菌群,對機體營養及免疫調節具有重大益處;2)條件致病菌在特定條件下具有侵襲性;3)過路菌在微生態失調而數量超出正常水平時可致人體發病。腸道微生態的多樣性下降會破壞微生物群的穩定性。已有研究表明,腸道微生態紊亂與多種腸內外疾病相關[14],如難辨梭狀芽胞桿菌感染[15]、炎癥性腸病[16]、腸易激綜合征[17-18]、代謝綜合征[19]、帕金森病[20]、特發性血小板紫癜[21]、腫瘤[22]、慢性疲勞綜合征[23]和食物過敏等[24-26]。
1.2 IBS發病機制及影響因素 IBS發病因素眾多,涉及復雜的腦-腸軸、免疫系統和腸道微生態之間的互相作用[27]。其病理生理學改變包括腸道蠕動異常,內臟高敏感性,腸道細菌感染后狀態,食物過敏及腸道微生態改變等[28]。腸道微生態失調和IBS患者的免疫、運動及神經等特征變化相關[29-30]。越來越多的證據表明,IBS是一種免疫-炎癥模式的胃腸道疾病。IBS存在一個顯著復雜的低度炎癥常態,以T細胞、細胞因子和C反應蛋白等炎性因子為特征[31]。IBS免疫改變包括Toll樣受體(toll-like receptors,TLRs)表達和促炎細胞因子、巨細胞及淋巴細胞增加[32-33]。TLRs常表達于免疫細胞如巨噬細胞、樹突狀細胞、中性粒細胞以及腸上皮細胞等。穩定的腸道微生態有賴于TLRs與腸道干細胞Wnt信號通道的正常調節機制[13]。其中,TLR2連同TLRl或TLR6形成二聚體可以識別細菌的細胞壁脂蛋白;TLR4可在CD14和MD-2輔助下識別革蘭陰性菌產生的脂多糖;TLR5能識別細菌鞭毛蛋白,激活胞內信號核因子NF-κB、誘生黏附分子和炎性細胞因子。感染后IBS即為一重要的具體的病理類型。有研究證實,與傳統飼養小鼠相比,無菌小鼠表現出胃排空延遲,腸轉運時間減慢,更易發生腸道感染[34-35]。當機體發生急性胃腸炎后,病原菌可釋放致死性細胞腫脹毒素,并通過分子模擬和自身抗體機制干擾內臟正常運動[36],導致腸道微生態失調而發展為IBS,最初疾病持續時間是發展為IBS的高危因素[37]。感染后IBS患者外周血中可見腫瘤壞死因子-α、IL-1、IL-6等水平升高,在腸黏膜中可見CD3、CD25細胞和淋巴細胞[37]。腸黏膜細胞組成改變、促炎/抗炎細胞因子失衡和神經遞質紊亂是感染后IBS的可能發病機制[38]。抗生素可對腸道微生態造成短期或長期影響。一項26 107病例的回顧性研究顯示,暴露于廣譜抗生素的患者IBS發病率較高[39]。這有可能是抗生素的使用改變了腸道微生態,從而導致IBS的進展。清腸可能對腸道生態系統有害。基于聚乙二醇的腸道清潔劑的使用可導致腸道黏膜黏附細菌的損失[40]。這種清腸對IBS的影響從未被研究,但對腸道微生態的危害是可能的。
Tana等[41]研究顯示,IBS中乳酸桿菌和韋永球菌的增加會導致短鏈脂肪酸,如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和總有機酸升高。IBS中由于乳酸桿菌等降低而導致短鏈脂肪酸的減少可能與IBS的癥狀相關。有研究證實短鏈脂肪酸可直接影響IBS患者的癥狀表達及嚴重程度[42]。IBS患者糞便和腸道黏膜中丁酸生產菌群的比例較健康對照組低。丁酸是最主要的短鏈脂肪酸,由未消化的糖類在腸道經微生物發酵而成,是上皮細胞能量的重要來源,并對結腸黏膜有許多有益的作用。這些作用包括抑制炎癥和癌變,增強結腸黏膜防御屏障等[43]。
1.3 IBS腸道微生態特點 數據表明,IBS組的腸道微生態與健康對照組不同,并且腹瀉型IBS及便秘型IBS間也不同[44]。2005年有研究首次應用定量聚合酶鏈反應(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法發現IBS患者的糞便樣本中鏈狀雙歧桿菌和擬球梭菌含量低[45]。Saulnier等[46]發現IBS兒童γ-蛋白菌含量較健康者顯著增高。Rajili?-Stojanovi?等[47]檢測到IBS患者糞便的厚壁菌門和擬桿菌的比例有所增加。Parkes等[48]利用原位雜交技術研究IBS患者的直腸黏膜相關菌群,發現IBS患者總體上細菌含量較高,尤以類桿菌和產氣莢膜梭菌屬為著。Simrén等[49]研究也表明IBS患者的菌群成分明顯不同于健康對照組。Carroll等[50]應用了分子指紋技術調查腹瀉型IBS患者的糞便和結腸黏膜,發現其微生物群落明顯和正常對照組不同,且糞便樣本中微生物多樣性明顯減少。便秘型IBS的腸道微生態表現為硬壁菌門和擬桿菌門的比例增加[51]。Chassard等[52]發現以便秘為主要表現的IBS患者腸道中硫酸鹽還原菌較健康人明顯減少。Kim等[53]對便秘型IBS和甲烷呼氣試驗陽性患者的腸道微生態分析后分離出了產甲烷菌-史氏甲烷短桿菌,并發現其數量增加。混合型IBS患者糞便中腸桿菌顯著增加,乳桿菌明顯減少,腸道定植抗力降低[54]。還有研究顯示混合型IBS的亞利菌和擬桿菌含量較高[44,48]。
大量研究發現,IBS患者的腸道細菌差異豐富,然而沒有具體哪一種特異性微生物和IBS特別相關[55]。目前關于IBS患者的腸道微生態變化有以下5個較為一致的結論[56]:1)腸道中優勢微生物群數量顯著降低;2)腸道微生物群多樣性以及微生態穩定性遭到破壞而下降;3)腸道主要菌群代表如乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌數量減少,而大腸菌群和擬桿菌屬數量增加;4)腹瀉型IBS較便秘型IBS患者的腸道微生群結構改變和數量變化更明顯;5)腹瀉型IBS與炎癥性腸病及其他腹瀉型疾患的腸道微生物群落的組成和數量改變具有一定相同之處。
IBS癥狀與菌群豐富度相關。Rajili?-Stojanovi?等[47]報道,厚壁菌門和變形菌的部分成員與IBS癥狀評分相關,例如雙歧桿菌與疼痛評分呈負相關。Jeffery等[44]報道,藍藻與飽腹感、腹脹以及胃腸道癥狀評分相關,而變形菌與心理和疼痛閾值相關。Parkes等[48]檢測到雙歧桿菌和乳酸桿菌與排便頻率呈負相關。Malinen等[57]采用定量PCR的研究發現,瘤胃球菌與IBS癥狀的嚴重程度相關。產硫化氫菌可增加IBS內臟敏感性并減少腸道傳輸時間[58]。Attaluri等[59]的研究發現,慢傳輸型便秘患者的甲烷短桿菌檢出率顯著高于正常傳輸型便秘患者和對照者。
需要指出的是,糞菌樣品不一定代表腸道黏膜細菌組成[5]。黏膜相關細菌與宿主密切接觸,并有可能會對人體健康產生重大影響,因而應用黏膜活檢來分析菌群成分對于澄清IBS背后的病理生理機制而言必不可少。
目前治療腸易激綜合征的主要方法包括止瀉藥、解痙藥、抗抑郁藥以及改善腸道微生態治療等。益生菌能重建IBS患者的腸道微生態[18,60]。從某種意義上說,糞菌移植可能比益生菌更為有利,因為糞菌是人類的終極益生菌[61]。目前在糞菌的人性化獲取、移植菌群的數量、移植的流程、糞菌庫的建立、有效減少細菌死亡等方面已進行了一系列標準化建設[62],且國內已經研發出了智能化糞菌分離系統,顯著提高了糞菌分離效率[63],因而有利于FMT的推廣應用。目前FMT已被成功應用于嚴重的難辨艱難梭菌感染,以及炎癥性腸病、多發性硬化、自閉癥和慢性疲勞綜合征等方面,然而,用來治療腸易激綜合征是最近才開始探究的[64-65],研究報道較少。據目前可查文獻資料,FMT治療IBS僅見于一些歐美國家的研究報道,并顯示出了良好的療效,但國內尚未開展此方面的研究。
澳大利亞悉尼消化疾病中心的研究人員曾首次通過腸鏡行FMT治療IBS和慢性便秘患者,結果顯示,FMT的治愈率可達36%(20/55)[66]。荷蘭阿姆斯特丹學術醫療中心的一項長期的隨訪研究顯示,45例慢性便秘患者給予結腸鏡下FMT治療后,排便困難、腹脹和腹痛等癥狀明顯減輕者占89%,其中18例患者在9 ~ 18個月后已能正常排便[1,19]。美國紐約貝斯以色列醫學中心最近一項13例難治性IBS患者接受FMT治療的研究結果顯示,癥狀有所改善者占70%,包括腹痛(72%)、排便習慣(69%)、消化不良(67%)、腹脹(50%)和排氣(42%)[67]。
腸道微生態失衡是IBS的重要病因之一,故目前幾種治療方法目的都是重新建立一個健康、有益的腸道微生態系統。重建腸道微生態主要有3種途徑:抗生素、益生菌和FMT[68]。FMT可以調節腸道微生態,改善腸黏膜通透性;通過TLR途徑激活腸道體液免疫反應合成IgA、IgG和IgM,對腸黏膜起保護作用;通過降低腸腔內的pH值,增加細菌素或H2O2的合成以競爭性抑制病原菌的黏附和易位[69]。FMT還可通過抑制促炎因子、Th1分化/細胞因子、T細胞活性、白細胞的黏附、免疫刺激因子和抗炎因子來改善免疫失調[13]。
總之,糞菌移植能夠發揮確切療效的原因,是移植的人糞菌群盡可能維持了健康供者的功能腸道微生態,并最終在受者腸道內重建了適合受者的腸道微生態平衡。其本質是通過對異常免疫、炎性反應、神經遞質數量與活性、血管活性物質數量與活性、能量代謝等的調節而治療疾病[70]。
FMT的途徑包括灌腸、鼻胃管、十二指腸、空腸、結腸鏡等,其中應用較多的是鼻胃(腸)管、結腸鏡和灌腸[15,71],報道較多的是結腸鏡和灌腸途徑[22,72-73]。盡管通過結腸鏡或灌腸的FMT在術前及術后有其嚴格的篩查和監測機制,但是FMT作為一種新型的治療手段,其安全性必然受到關注。因為糞便由成千上萬的充滿生物活性物質的細菌菌株組成,且某些細菌可能與特定疾病有關,所以人們擔心FMT可能導致新疾病的發生。迄今為止,FMT的安全性研究主要在難辨艱難梭菌感染方面,FMT不良反應較少,大多數患者在接受FMT治療當天有一過性的腹瀉,少數患者可能有腹脹、噯氣等癥狀,但多不嚴重,一般2 ~ 3 d后消失[74-75]。然而FMT在腸易激綜合征方面的安全性研究仍然缺乏。一項13例IBS患者接受FMT治療的長期隨訪研究中發現,只有1例有短暫的腹脹[67]。一項平均11個月的長期隨訪研究表明,FMT沒有長期不良反應,并且參與者沒有患有任何新疾病[29]。初步研究支持FMT重建腸道動態平衡有助于IBS的治療。關于FMT的長期安全性,如是否會導致機體遠期出現感染、炎癥和消化道腫瘤等,目前缺乏長期隨訪資料[76]。
糞菌移植有較好的臨床應用前景,但也存在相當多問題。FMT在治療IBS方面的初步病例報告和回顧性研究已顯示出了滿意結果。但迄今為止,還沒有前瞻性、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗[29]。雖然有研究證實腸易激綜合征患者和健康組的糞便菌群有所差異,但是未來的研究仍需通過實時酶鏈聚合反應來進一步評估FMT前后腸道菌群的組成情況,以及比較健康對照組和捐助者的細菌種群,觀察改變的菌群及其代謝產物在IBS治療中的作用和機制。相信隨著FMT技術的不斷發展、多中心臨床研究的證實及相應倫理學跟進,FMT的研究和應用將獲得全面、長足發展。
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Advances in fecal microbiota transplantation in irritable bowel syndrome
GONG Sandong, CUI Lihong
Department of Gastroenterology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
CUI Lihong. Email: luckycui861@sina.com
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can correct intestinal dysbiosis, and it has been successfully used in the treatment of partial intestinal microflora related diseases in recent years, but still few researches are found on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this article, the latest progresses of the relationship between gut microflora and IBS, clinical applications, possible mechanisms, safety and application prospects of FMT in IBS will be reviewed.
fecal microbiota transplantation; intestinal flora; gut microflora; irritable bowel syndrome人糞菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)是將健康人糞便中的功能菌群移植到患者胃腸道內,使患者重建具有正常功能的腸道菌群,實現腸道及腸道外疾病的診療[1-2]。FMT至少已有1 700年歷史[3],近年來又成為腸道微生態研究領域的熱門而備受世界關注。腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一種以腹痛或腹部不適伴排便習慣改變為特征的功能性疾病[4]。按照羅馬Ⅲ標準IBS主要有腹瀉型、便秘型、混合型及不確定型4種亞型。IBS全球患病率為10% ~ 20%[5],是一種多因素疾病,其病因和病理生理學機制較為復雜。目前已有大量研究證實IBS與腸道微生態失衡密切相關。臨床上采用益生菌治療IBS已取得了很好的療效,但用FMT治療IBS的報道仍較少。現就糞菌移植在腸易激綜合征中的研究進展做一綜述。
R 574
A
2095-5227(2015)10-1006-05 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.10.012
時間:2015-08-05 17:20
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150805.1720.008.html
2015-06-15
吳階平臨床科研專項資助基金(320.6750.13175)
Supported by the Foundation of WU Jie-Ping(320.6750.13175)
弓三東,男,碩士,主治醫師。研究方向:酸相關疾病及功能性胃腸病診治。Email: gsd945@com。
崔立紅,女,博士,主任醫師,教授,主任,博士生導師。Email: luckycui861@sina.com