張芳芳 張佩蘭
1 天津醫科大學,天津市 300070; 2 天津市環湖醫院神經內科
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合并心房顫動的急性缺血性卒中患者靜脈溶栓的療效
張芳芳1張佩蘭2
1天津醫科大學,天津市300070;2天津市環湖醫院神經內科
心房顫動患者發生缺血性卒中的風險比一般人高出4~5倍[1]。心房顫動會增加卒中的嚴重程度,提高合并癥和不良預后的發生率[2]。隨著年齡的增長,心房顫動患者發生卒中的風險也隨之增加,50~59歲患者發生卒中風險為1.5%,80歲以上患者發生卒中的風險則高達25%[3]。一些研究認為心房顫動是缺血性卒中預后不良危險因素之一[4,5],而有項研究結果表明缺血性卒中患者的預后與是否合并心房顫動無關[6]。本文旨在探索心房顫動是否影響急性缺血性卒中患者靜脈溶栓的預后。
1資料和方法
1.1病例選擇對天津市環湖醫院神經內科2012年6月-2013年10月在發病4.5h內應用rt-PA靜脈溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者進行回顧性分析。將發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓治療的109例患者,根據是否合并心房顫動分為房顫組47例,無房顫組62例;將發病3~4.5h內接受靜脈溶栓治療的108例患者,根據是否合并心房顫動分為房顫組52例,無房顫組56例。
1.2治療方法發病4.5h內選擇rt-PA治療,劑量為0.9mg/kg,總劑量不超過90mg,其中10%靜脈推注,余下的90%在60min內靜脈緩慢滴入。
1.3療效評定217例患者在溶栓后22~36h接受了計算機斷層掃描或磁共振成像。與腦實質性血腫相關的NIHSS評分增加4分及以上的神經功能惡化即認為是癥狀性顱內出血[7]。主要觀察指標是90d時患者良好預后(改良Rankin評分0~2分)發生率,次要觀察指標包括住院期間顱內出血(ICH)、癥狀性顱內出血(sICH)的發生率和死亡率。

2結果
本研究共納入217例患者,其中在發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓治療的患者為109例,發病3~4.5h之間接受靜脈溶栓治療的患者為108例。
2.1發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓治療組房顫組90d時獲得良好預后32例(68.1%),無房顫組40例(64.5%),兩組間無統計學差異(P=0.697)。房顫組癥狀性顱內出血的發生率為4.3%(2例),無房顫組為1.6%(1例),兩組間并無顯著性差異(P=0.577)。房顫組共有3例(6.4%)患者死亡,無房顫組為2例(3.2%),兩組間無統計學差異(P=0.650)。見表1。
2.2發病3~4.5h之間接受靜脈溶栓治療組房顫組90d時獲得良好預后21例(40.4%),無房顫組35例(62.5%),無房顫組高于房顫組,兩組間有統計學差異(P=0.022)。房顫組顱內出血的發生率高于無房顫組,兩組間差異具有統計學意義(23.1% VS 7.1%,P=0.029)。房顫組癥狀性顱內出血的發生率為7.7%(4例),無房顫組為3.6%(2例),兩組間并無顯著性差異(P=0.425)。房顫組共有5例(9.6%)患者死亡,無房顫組為2例(3.6%),兩組間無統計學差異(P=0.258)。見表2。

表1 發病后3h內進行rt-PA靜脈溶栓治療的
注:NIHSS:美國國立衛生研究院卒中量表。

表2 發病后3~4.5h內進行rt-PA靜脈溶栓治療的
注:NIHSS:美國國立衛生研究院卒中量表。
3討論
ECASSⅢ試驗結果公布后,歐洲卒中組織及美國心臟協會/美國卒中協會將靜脈溶栓時間窗從3h擴延至4.5h,基于上述標準,筆者納入的患者接受靜脈溶栓的時間均在發病4.5h之內。
一些研究結果表明,靜脈溶栓后的早期完全性血管再通是90d時預后良好的獨立預測因素[8]。心源性卒中患者,顱內動脈多形成紅色血栓[9]。紅色血栓由紅細胞和部分纖維蛋白構成。動物實驗發現,紅色血栓對阿替普酶敏感性更強,更容易被溶解,血管再通幾率更高[10]。有些臨床研究結果顯示,阿替普酶誘導的心源性卒中患者顱內血管再通成功率更高[11]。而有研究認為心房顫動形成的栓子比動脈粥樣硬化性血栓更大,陳舊性血栓比例更高,更難被阿替普酶溶解。筆者的研究發現,在發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者,其中房顫組患者獲得良好預后的比例高于無房顫組(68.1% VS 64.5%,P=0.697);而在發病3~4.5h之間接受靜脈溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者中,房顫組患者獲得良好預后的比例則低于無房顫組(40.4% VS 62.5%,P=0.022)。
VISTA聯合組研究共納入3 027例急性缺血性卒中靜脈溶栓患者,其中1 631例(53.9%)患者合并心房顫動病史[12]。研究發現,無論是靜脈溶栓組還是安慰劑對照組,房顫組與無房顫組顱內出血(包括非癥狀性顱內出血及癥狀性顱內出血)的發生率并沒有顯著性差異。本研究中,在發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓治療的急性缺血性卒中患者,房顫組顱內出血的發生率高于無房顫組(8.5% VS 3.2%),但兩組間差異無統計學意義(P=0.399);房顫組患者癥狀性顱內出血的發生率為4.3%(2例),無房顫組為1.6%(1例),兩組間無顯著性差異(P=0.577),與上述結果相似。國外和國內均有相關研究發現[13,14],心房顫動是靜脈溶栓后發生顱內出血的獨立危險因素。在發病3~4.5h之間接受靜脈溶栓治療的急性缺血性卒中患者,房顫組顱內出血的發生率明顯高于無房顫組,差異有統計學意義(23.1% VS 7.1%,P=0.029),這與上述研究結果一致。但兩組間癥狀性顱內出血的發生率無顯著性差異(7.7% VS 3.6%,P=0.425)。這說明房顫患者在發病3~4.5h之間接受靜脈溶栓治療,顱內出血主要是血管再通所致的滲血,并不是血管破裂后的出血。
研究發現,合并心房顫動的急性缺血性卒中患者在發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓治療預后較好,而在發病3~4.5h之間合并心房顫動的急性缺血性卒中患者靜脈溶栓治療的預后較無心房顫動的患者預后差,顱內出血風險高。因此,對于符合溶栓條件的合并心房顫動的急性缺血性卒中患者應盡可能在發病3h內溶栓,而對于在發病3~4.5h之間的患者應慎重權衡靜脈溶栓的獲益與風險比。
參考文獻
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(本文通訊作者:張佩蘭)
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摘要目的:探討心房顫動是否影響急性缺血性卒中患者靜脈溶栓的療效。方法:對天津市環湖醫院神經內科2012年6月-2013年10月在發病4.5h內應用rt-PA靜脈溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者進行回顧性分析:(1)發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓治療的109例患者,根據是否合并心房顫動分為房顫組47例,無房顫組62例;(2)發病3~4.5h內接受靜脈溶栓治療的108例患者,根據是否合并心房顫動分為房顫組52例,無房顫組56例。主要觀察指標是90d時患者良好預后發生率,次要觀察指標包括溶栓后住院期間癥狀性顱內出血(sICH)的發生率和死亡率。結果:(1)發病3h內接受靜脈溶栓治療組:房顫組90d時獲得良好預后32例(68.1%),無房顫組40例(64.5%),兩組間無統計學差異(P=0.697)。房顫組癥狀性顱內出血的發生率為4.3%(2例),無房顫組為1.6%(1例),兩組間并無顯著性差異(P=0.577)。房顫組共有3例(6.4%)患者死亡,無房顫組為2例(3.2%),兩組間無統計學差異(P=0.650)。(2)發病3~4.5h之間接受靜脈溶栓治療組:房顫組90d時獲得良好預后21例(40.4%),無房顫組35例(62.5%),無房顫組高于房顫組,兩組間有統計學差異(P=0.022)。房顫組顱內出血的發生率高于無房顫組,兩組間差異具有統計學意義(23.1% VS 7.1%,P=0.029)。房顫組癥狀性顱內出血的發生率為7.7%(4例),無房顫組為3.6%(2例),兩組間并無顯著性差異(P=0.425)。房顫組共有5例(9.6%)患者死亡,無房顫組為2例(3.6%),兩組間無統計學差異(P=0.258)。結論:對于符合溶栓條件的合并心房顫動的急性缺血性卒中患者應盡可能在發病3h內溶栓,而對于在發病3~4.5h之間的患者應慎重權衡靜脈溶栓的獲益與風險比。
關鍵詞急性缺血性卒中心房顫動臨床預后靜脈溶栓
The Outcome of Intravenous Thrombolysis on Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
ZHANG Fangfang*,ZHANG Peilan.*TianjinMedicalUniversity,TianjinCity300070
ABSTRACTObjective:We aim to determine whether atrial fibrillation is a factor of prognosis in patients with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke.Methods:We reviewed the medical records of patients treated for acute ischemic stroke with intravenous alteplase within 4.5 hours from June 2012 to October 2013 at Tianjin Huanhu Hospital.(1) A total of 109 acute ischemic stroke patients were treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours.According to the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation, patients were classified into atrial fibrillation (n=47) and no atrial fibrillation (n=62).(2)A total of 108 acute ischemic stroke patients were treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy after the onset from 3 hours to 4.5 hours.According to the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation, patients were classified into atrial fibrillation (n=52) and no atrial fibrillation (n=56).The main outcome considered was a favorable outcome on 90th day after thrombolysis.Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality and sICH at discharge.Results:(1)Patients were treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours:there were no significant differences between atrial fibrillation group and no atrial fibrillation group in favorable outcome on 90th day(68.1% VS 64.5%,P=0.697),symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (4.3% VS 1.6%,P=0.577) and death (6.4% VS 3.2%,P=0.650).(2)Patients were treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy after the onset of from 3 hours to 4.5 hours:More patients had favorable outcomes in no atrial fibrillation group than atrial fibrillation group (62.5%VS 40.4%,P=0.022).There were no significant differences between atrial fibrillation group and no atrial fibrillation group in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (7.7% VS 3.6%,P=0.425) and death (9.6%VS 3.6%,P=0.258),although the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was higher in no atrial fibrillation group (7.1%VS 23.1%,P=0.029).Conclusion:Patients with acute ischemic stroke who were in line with condition of thrombolysis should be treated with ateplase as quickly within 3 hours after the onset of stroke while patients with acute ischemic stroke after the onset from 3 hours to 4.5 hours should carefully weigh the benefits and risks of intravenous thrombolysis.
KEY WORDSAcute ischemic stroke,Atrial fibrillation,Clinical outcome,Intravenous thrombolysis
收稿日期2014-12-17
中圖分類號:R743
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1001-7585(2015)10-1263-03