楊等明
摘要::指出了二甲基亞硝胺(NDMA)是強烈致癌物質亞硝胺中的一種,近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)飲用水氯化消毒之后會產生NMDA,引起了人們廣泛關注。介紹了NDMA的理化性質及其形成機制,闡述了去除NDMA的幾種方法,并展望了今后的研究方向。
關鍵詞:二甲基亞硝胺(NDMA);形成機制;處理技術
中圖分類號:X501
文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:16749944(2014)06015304
1 引言
2 NDMA形成機制
2.1 NDMA基本性質
3.5 生物降解作用
NDMA還可被生物降解。在一個有氧的填充丙烷的膜生物反應器中培養(yǎng)赤紅球菌EV425[18],當NDMA以8μg/L~80μg/L的濃度范圍流入反應器中,經(jīng)4個月以上的降解后,流出的NDMA的濃度小于10ng/L,該處理技術對NDMA的去除率達到了99.9%以上,有效地去除了NDMA。當向水中加入三氯乙烯時,會導致出水時NDMA濃度很顯著迅速增加,這是因為三氯乙烯使生物細胞中毒,使生物活性降低。所以若水中含有三氯乙烯時,應在水進反應器前,先對水進行預處理,將水中的三氯乙烯處理掉。總之,填充丙烷的膜生物反應器處理法也是一種去除NDMA的可行的處理技術,但是這種方法的處理周期很長并且它的工藝化與經(jīng)濟可行性仍有待進一步考慮。
3.6 金屬還原法
曾經(jīng)有研究使用零價鐵來催化還原NDMA[19],產物是DMA和銨,反應符合模擬的一級動力學,但是要比還原鹵素化合物慢得多,半衰期達到13h。比較長的半衰期就要求比較大的反應床體積來提供足夠的接觸時間,因此用鐵催化還原不實用。用鎳聯(lián)合鐵來還原可以加快反應速率[20]。
Matthew等使用粉末狀的金屬催化氫氣來還原水中的NDMA[21],其中胺基發(fā)生斷裂還原成DMA。實驗采用雙金屬催化劑,將兩種表面活性不同的金屬聯(lián)合使用以獲得較好的反應效果。實驗表明,當使用10mg/L的粉末狀鈀、銅/鈀、鎳進行催化時,NDMA的降解半衰期大概是小時數(shù)量級。對于起始濃度為100mg/L的NDMA,所用反應都呈模擬的一級動力學變化。雖然金屬聯(lián)合使用能有效降解NDMA,但是安全問題可能會限制金屬催化還原法的應用。
4 展望
NDMA處理方法大都是屬于末端處理,加強對水源的保護,提高人們對環(huán)境的保護意識,可從根本上減小對飲用水的氯化消毒強度,亦會減少NDMA的形成。
探討飲用水氯化消毒時NDMA形成機制,通過對在氯化消毒時條件的適當控制減少NDMA的產生。DMA是NDMA重要的前體物,可先通過預處理先將DMA除去,再進行氯化消毒,或將條件控制在抑制NDMA生成的條件下。
另外采用技術組合起來對飲用水進行處理,可大大提高NDMA的去除率。如將紫外線與臭氧結合起來對飲用水進行處理,不僅NDMA的去除率會大大提高,而且還會大大抑制NDMA的再生[22]。
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[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陳忠林,齊 飛.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].環(huán)境科學,2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黃露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中國給水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,F(xiàn)ei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint
[9]X.Dong,C.H.F.Zhou,M.B.Yue,etal.New appli-cation of hierarchical zeolite in life science:fast trapping nitrosamines in artificial gastric juice by alkaline-tailored HZSM-5[J].Mater,Lett,2007,61:3154~3158.
[10] Xiaodong Dai,Linda Zou,Zifeng Yan,etal.Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons[J]. Hazardous Materials ,2009,168:51~56.
[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陳忠林,齊 飛.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].環(huán)境科學,2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黃露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中國給水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,F(xiàn)ei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint
[9]X.Dong,C.H.F.Zhou,M.B.Yue,etal.New appli-cation of hierarchical zeolite in life science:fast trapping nitrosamines in artificial gastric juice by alkaline-tailored HZSM-5[J].Mater,Lett,2007,61:3154~3158.
[10] Xiaodong Dai,Linda Zou,Zifeng Yan,etal.Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons[J]. Hazardous Materials ,2009,168:51~56.
[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陳忠林,齊 飛.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].環(huán)境科學,2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黃露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中國給水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,F(xiàn)ei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint