朱紅+費惠+嚴海霞+徐善祥
[摘要] 目的 研究流程圖及魚骨圖在降低開放性創傷手術圍手術期感染中的應用效果。方法 分析既往開放性創傷患者圍手術期感染的危險因素,制定感染因素魚骨圖及管理感染流程圖,將其應用于手術醫護人員培訓中,觀察應用前后醫務人員考評分及職業暴露情況。 結果 培訓前總評分(82.51±4.89)分、職業暴露8.93%、正確處理71.15%、感染15.98%;培訓后分別為(97.36±2.11)分、3.61%、100.00%、5.93%。結論 應用開放性創傷感染危險因素魚骨圖及管理流程圖培訓后,有助于護理人員更好地掌握防控感染的相關知識,同時降低職業暴露率。
[關鍵詞] 流程圖;魚骨圖;開放性創傷;圍手術期;感染
[中圖分類號] R47 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)17-0150-04
Application of flow diagram and fishbone diagram to reduce perioperative infection of open wounds during operation
ZHU Hong1 FEI Hui1 YAN Haixia1 XU Shanxiang2
1.Operation Room, the First Hospital of Ningbo City in Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China; 2. Department of Orthopedics, the Second People's Hospital of Ganzhou City in Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou 415000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the flow chart and fishbone diagram open wounds in reducing perioperative infection in the application results. Methods Patients with open wounds previous perioperative risk factors for infection, infection factors to develop a flow chart fishbone diagram and management of infection, surgery will be applied within the health care training, medical personnel observed before and after application of the test scores and occupational exposure situation. Results Before training the total score were (82.51±4.89) points, occupational exposure 8.93%, with proper handling 71.15%, infection 15.98%; After training that respectively were(97.36±2.11) points, with occupational exposure 3.61%, proper handling 100.00%, infection 5.93%. Conclusion The application of risk factors fishbone diagram flow chart of training and management of open wound infection, helping nurses to better grasp the knowledge of infection prevention and control, while reducing the rate of occupational exposure.
[Key words] Flow chart; Fishbone diagram; Open wound; Perioperative period; Infection
開放性創傷即受傷部位的內部組織與外界相通。開放性創傷多為意外傷,發病較急,病情發展快。由于開放性創傷表皮受損,可能有異物殘留或組織壞死,如果未能及時清理或切除,則易誘發感染[1]。重癥患者引起的全身性感染可能導致多器官功能障礙、膿毒血癥及膿毒性休克,同時也是開放性創傷后期死亡的重要原因。故對于開放性創傷圍手術期感染的預防與職業防護,是臨床醫務工作者關注的重點。現本文就對開放性創傷患者應用感染因素的魚骨圖及管理感染的流程圖對臨床療效的作用具體分析如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取醫院手術室手術護士10名,均為女性,年齡37~48歲,平均(44.3±2.3)歲,其中本科4名,大專6名;副主任護師2名,主管護師8名。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 評估開放性創傷的現狀 回顧性分析開放性創傷患者圍手術期內引起的感染患者及相關護理人員的臨床資料。對科內護士進行感染因素及管理感染的辦法等相關知識調查后發現,護士并不能完全掌握引起開放性創傷感染的因素;護士對手術感染的管理辦法了解有欠缺,目標與程度不明確,造成患者健康知識了解不明確、心理壓力過大。同時發現開放性創傷手術工作量較大,患者傷勢危急,醫務工作者防護意識欠缺,職業暴露率較高,并且發生職業暴露后不能正確及時地處理。
1.2.2 制作感染因素的魚骨圖及管理感染的流程圖 (1)2012年10月,組織全科護理人員對開放性創傷圍手術期內可能引起感染的因素進行討論分析,同時回顧性分析患者的臨床資料,從多種角度探究感染發生機制及構成要素,從而制定開放性創傷手術圍手術期感染的危險因素魚骨圖,見圖1。(2)根據圖1與《醫院感染管理辦法》、《突發公共衛生事件應急條例》等防治感染的相關法律法規,總結開放性創傷手術感染控制的流程性管理辦法,從而設計出樹狀結構的管理感染的流程圖,見圖2。endprint
1.2.3 培訓 對10名科內護理人員進行感染因素的魚骨圖的解釋及原因分析,使每位護理人員充分理解魚骨圖各項指標的意義,從而嚴格掌握感染的危險因素。進而對每位護理人員分析開放性創傷手術過程中的注意事項,對流程圖的各項工作的展開及步驟應熟練掌握。每周進行3次培訓,培訓過程中可由護理人員相互交流經驗,對工作中可能發生職業暴露的地方應相互指正。
1.3 觀察指標
對未應用魚骨圖及流程圖培訓前2011年10月~2012年10月及培訓后(2012年10月~2013年10月)的護理人員就開放性創傷手術感染因素、應對方法及管理感染相關知識進行考評,包括組織管理、教育與培訓、報告與反饋、院感流行或爆發的處置、病房院感的預防與控制、特殊部門重點部門的控制與預防、手術感染重點項目的管理、醫務人員的防感染辦法、手衛生、醫療廢物的處理,滿分為100分,分數越高,說明掌握知識越為熟練。并對應用培訓前、培訓后護士職業暴露發生及正確處理的病例數進行統計分析。其中培訓前處理患者582例,培訓后處理患者624例,觀察培訓前后患者感染情況。
1.4 統計學處理
應用SPSS 16.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數資料采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1 應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前后考評分比較
科內護理人員應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前平均總評分為(82.51±4.89)分,培訓后平均總評分為(97.36±2.11)分,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。
表1 應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前后考評分比較(x±s,分)
2.2 職業暴露
應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前職業暴露52例(8.93%),正確處理37例(71.15%);培訓后職業暴露21例(3.61%),正確處理21例(100.00%)。見表2。
表2 應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前后職業暴露情況比較[n(%)]
2.3 感染情況
培訓前582例患者感染93例(15.98%);培訓后624例患者感染37例(5.93%),差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
表3 應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前后患者感染情況比較[n(%)]
3 討論
感染已成為危害患者及醫護人員生命安全的重要公共衛生問題,因此感染的防控貫穿在護理工作的全過程中[2]。
魚骨圖是由日本管理大師石川馨先生發明出來的,是一種發現問題“根本原因”的方法,故又稱為“因果圖”,其特點是簡潔實用、深入直觀。圖形似魚骨,問題或缺陷(即后果)標在“魚頭”外,在魚骨分支標示“魚刺”,根據機會多寡列出產生問題的可能原因,魚骨圖有助于說明各個原因之間是如何相互影響的[3],同時對原因出現的時間次序有明確的標識,有助于著手解決關鍵問題。圖1可見引起開放性創傷圍手術期感染的因素較多,其中手術復雜、創傷大、手術時間長,手術操作不當、預防措施不力、手術中無菌操作不嚴格、清創不到位均為造成開放性創傷圍手術期感染的重要因素[4],其中尤以醫務人員的因素為主。
故在制定管理感染的流程圖時以醫務人員為主體,盡量縮短麻醉與手術時間,嚴格無菌操作、預防性使用抗生素、術后徹底清創,同時防控空氣感染與敷料感染以及規范處理手術廢物,從而完成圍手術期。流程圖與魚骨圖均是通過圖標的方式傳達相關知識,有助于直觀形象地表達關鍵信息,較之傳統的文字傳輸與死板的教育模式[5],可強化護士對關鍵點的理解。而對于感染管理的辦法通過流程圖可使護士明確工作步驟,有章可循,并且結合魚骨圖不會遺漏相關因素及可能引起職業暴露的工作死角[6]。同時,資料顯示[7],手術持續時間越長,切口感染的機會越大。故在搶救開放性創傷患者時必須做到分秒必爭,盡量縮短手術時間。流程圖的使用,可幫助護士在遇到突發狀況時,有一套合理、嚴謹、有序的處理流程,不至于手忙腳亂[8],使護士在工作中程序明確、忙而不亂,增強自我防護意識,職業暴露率明顯下降。
本次研究中,科內護理人員應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前平均總評分為(82.51±4.89)分,培訓后平均總評分為(97.36±2.11)分。應用流程圖及魚骨圖進行培訓前職業暴露52例(8.93%),正確處理37例(71.15%);培訓后職業暴露21例(3.61%),正確處理21例(100.00%)。同時培訓前582例患者感染93例(15.98%);培訓后624例患者感染37例(5.93%)。提示應用魚骨圖及流程圖可有效提高護士學習感染防護知識的效率,減少職業暴露的發生率。
在配合開放性創傷手術中,手術室護士是感染管理和執行標準預防的主導者,有監督手術人員和麻醉師操作的職責[9]。部分手術醫生操作不規范,多表現在縫針折斷、丟失,使用過的手術器械不及時返回而易發生刺傷;麻醉師在穿刺后,未將針頭放進銳器盒等[10]。
在培訓過程中發現,通過培訓護士學習魚骨圖與流程圖,可強化護士嚴謹負責的工作態度、明確工作職責[11-13],同時強化醫護人員的消毒隔離和無菌技術觀念。醫務人員通過學習后,可用于監督麻醉師與手術醫生的操作,如加強縫針折斷或丟失的管理、避免手術器械刺傷患者或醫務人員、規范無菌操作與徹底清創。培訓中由于經驗交流,有助于緩解護士工作壓力,加強團隊凝聚力[11]。對于患者而言,醫護人員對業務學習能力的增強,有助于幫助患者了解自身疾病,降低感染的發生率,同時緩解患者擔憂、恐懼的心理狀態[14],建立良好的醫患關系,同時取得患者對醫療工作的配合,從而增強戰勝疾病的信心與決心,有助于疾病的康復。此外,護士業務水平的增高也有助于醫院社會形象的樹立[15,16]。
總之,應用開放性創傷感染危險因素魚骨圖及管理的流程圖培訓后,有助于護理人員更好地掌握防控感染的相關知識,同時可降低職業暴露率,可為臨床防控感染提供一定的幫助。endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Taner M T,Sezen B,Antony J. An overview of six sigma applications in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,2007,20(4):329-340.
[2] Blatnik J A,Krpata D M,Novitsky Y W,et al. Does a history of wound infection predict postoperative surgical site infection after ventral hernia repair[J]. The American Journal of Surgery,2012,203(3):370-374.
[3] Greif R,Akca O,Horn E P,et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2000,342(3):161-167.
[4] Zerr MBA,Kathryn J,Furnary M D,et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,1997, 63(2): 356-361.
[5] Chen L F,Arduino J M,Sheng S,et al. Epidemiology and outcome of major postoperative infections following cardiac surgery: Risk factors and impact of pathogen type[J]. American Journal of Infection Control,2012,40(10):963-968.
[6] McGirt M J,Parker S L,Lerner J,et al. Comparative analysis of perioperative surgical site infection after minimally invasive versus open posterior transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: Analysis of hospital billing and discharge data from 5170 patients: Clinical article[J]. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine,2011,14(6):771-778.
[7] Haga H,Fukushima N. Historical consideration of the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus in Japan and use of a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause[J]. The Journal of Japanese History of Pharmacy,2010,46(1):21-28.
[8] 曹新平. 魚骨圖和流程圖在開放性創傷手術感染管理中的應用[J]. 護理學雜志,2013,28(2):3-5.
[9] 權愛蓮. 顱內動脈瘤破裂出血急診手術配合的流程管理[J]. 護理學雜志,2009,24(12):60-61.
[10] Poon K C,Lee H Y,Yau W H. Predictive factors for the existence of foreign body following fish bone ingestion: a prospective study[J]. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine,2010,17(2):132-141.
[11] Tamm E P,Szklaruk J,Puthooran L,et al. Quality initiatives: planning,setting up,and carrying out radiology Process improvement projects[J]. Radiographics,2012,32(5):1529-1542.
[12] 張春斐,張紅楓,朱亮德,等. 六西格瑪管理方法降低高壓蒸汽滅菌后濕包發生率[J]. 解放軍護理雜志,2010,27(2):144-146.
[13] 夏曉燕. 應用六西格瑪方法改進婦產科門診流程[D]. 南方醫科大學,2008.
[14] Wei G S,Jackson J L,O'malley P G. Postmenopausal osteoporosis risk management in primary care: How well does it adhere to national practice guidelines[J]. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association,2003,58(2):99-104.
[15] Yoshida J,Koda S,Nishida S,et al. Association between occupational exposure levels of antineoplastic drugs and work environment in five hospitals in Japan[J]. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice,2011,17(1):29-38.
[16] Vandenplas O,Dressel H,Wilken D,et al. Management of occupational asthma: Cessation or reduction of exposure? A systematic review of available evidence[J]. European Respiratory Journal,2011,38(4):804-811.
(收稿日期:2013-12-16)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Taner M T,Sezen B,Antony J. An overview of six sigma applications in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,2007,20(4):329-340.
[2] Blatnik J A,Krpata D M,Novitsky Y W,et al. Does a history of wound infection predict postoperative surgical site infection after ventral hernia repair[J]. The American Journal of Surgery,2012,203(3):370-374.
[3] Greif R,Akca O,Horn E P,et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2000,342(3):161-167.
[4] Zerr MBA,Kathryn J,Furnary M D,et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,1997, 63(2): 356-361.
[5] Chen L F,Arduino J M,Sheng S,et al. Epidemiology and outcome of major postoperative infections following cardiac surgery: Risk factors and impact of pathogen type[J]. American Journal of Infection Control,2012,40(10):963-968.
[6] McGirt M J,Parker S L,Lerner J,et al. Comparative analysis of perioperative surgical site infection after minimally invasive versus open posterior transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: Analysis of hospital billing and discharge data from 5170 patients: Clinical article[J]. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine,2011,14(6):771-778.
[7] Haga H,Fukushima N. Historical consideration of the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus in Japan and use of a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause[J]. The Journal of Japanese History of Pharmacy,2010,46(1):21-28.
[8] 曹新平. 魚骨圖和流程圖在開放性創傷手術感染管理中的應用[J]. 護理學雜志,2013,28(2):3-5.
[9] 權愛蓮. 顱內動脈瘤破裂出血急診手術配合的流程管理[J]. 護理學雜志,2009,24(12):60-61.
[10] Poon K C,Lee H Y,Yau W H. Predictive factors for the existence of foreign body following fish bone ingestion: a prospective study[J]. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine,2010,17(2):132-141.
[11] Tamm E P,Szklaruk J,Puthooran L,et al. Quality initiatives: planning,setting up,and carrying out radiology Process improvement projects[J]. Radiographics,2012,32(5):1529-1542.
[12] 張春斐,張紅楓,朱亮德,等. 六西格瑪管理方法降低高壓蒸汽滅菌后濕包發生率[J]. 解放軍護理雜志,2010,27(2):144-146.
[13] 夏曉燕. 應用六西格瑪方法改進婦產科門診流程[D]. 南方醫科大學,2008.
[14] Wei G S,Jackson J L,O'malley P G. Postmenopausal osteoporosis risk management in primary care: How well does it adhere to national practice guidelines[J]. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association,2003,58(2):99-104.
[15] Yoshida J,Koda S,Nishida S,et al. Association between occupational exposure levels of antineoplastic drugs and work environment in five hospitals in Japan[J]. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice,2011,17(1):29-38.
[16] Vandenplas O,Dressel H,Wilken D,et al. Management of occupational asthma: Cessation or reduction of exposure? A systematic review of available evidence[J]. European Respiratory Journal,2011,38(4):804-811.
(收稿日期:2013-12-16)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Taner M T,Sezen B,Antony J. An overview of six sigma applications in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,2007,20(4):329-340.
[2] Blatnik J A,Krpata D M,Novitsky Y W,et al. Does a history of wound infection predict postoperative surgical site infection after ventral hernia repair[J]. The American Journal of Surgery,2012,203(3):370-374.
[3] Greif R,Akca O,Horn E P,et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2000,342(3):161-167.
[4] Zerr MBA,Kathryn J,Furnary M D,et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,1997, 63(2): 356-361.
[5] Chen L F,Arduino J M,Sheng S,et al. Epidemiology and outcome of major postoperative infections following cardiac surgery: Risk factors and impact of pathogen type[J]. American Journal of Infection Control,2012,40(10):963-968.
[6] McGirt M J,Parker S L,Lerner J,et al. Comparative analysis of perioperative surgical site infection after minimally invasive versus open posterior transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: Analysis of hospital billing and discharge data from 5170 patients: Clinical article[J]. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine,2011,14(6):771-778.
[7] Haga H,Fukushima N. Historical consideration of the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus in Japan and use of a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause[J]. The Journal of Japanese History of Pharmacy,2010,46(1):21-28.
[8] 曹新平. 魚骨圖和流程圖在開放性創傷手術感染管理中的應用[J]. 護理學雜志,2013,28(2):3-5.
[9] 權愛蓮. 顱內動脈瘤破裂出血急診手術配合的流程管理[J]. 護理學雜志,2009,24(12):60-61.
[10] Poon K C,Lee H Y,Yau W H. Predictive factors for the existence of foreign body following fish bone ingestion: a prospective study[J]. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine,2010,17(2):132-141.
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(收稿日期:2013-12-16)endprint