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射頻消融術治療小兒陣發性室上性心動過速中的效果觀察

2014-05-08 16:56:43李波彭茜鄭植陳芄螈
中國醫藥導報 2014年6期
關鍵詞:兒童

李波+彭茜+鄭植+陳芄螈

[摘要] 目的 評估經導管射頻消融術(RFCA)治療小兒陣發性室上性心動過速(PVST)的臨床效果。 方法 回顧性分析2009年1月~2013年1月四川省人民醫院收治的97例PSVT患兒。其中男65例,女32例,手術時平均年齡(7.1±1.8)歲,平均體重(32.4±8.9)kg。射頻消融術后平均隨訪(27±21)個月。分析RFCA術的治療情況。 結果 本研究納入的97例患兒中,房室折返性心動過速(AVRT)患兒66例(68.0%),其中左側旁道38例(57.6%),右側旁道28例(42.4%);房室結折返性心動過速(AVNRT)患兒31例(32.0%)。射頻消融即刻成功95例(97.9%),其中6例在隨訪過程中復發(6.2%)。復發患兒給予再次射RFCA治療,隨訪半年,未見復發,術后隨訪所有患兒無消融手術相關并發癥的發生。 結論 RFCA可安全有效治療小兒PSVT。

[關鍵詞] 經導管射頻消融術;陣發性室上性心動過速;兒童

[中圖分類號] R752.4 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)02(c)-0047-03

Efficacy observation of the radiofrequency catheter ablation treating on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children

LI Bo PENG Qian ZHENG Zhi CHEN Wanyuan

Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China

[Abstract] Objective To observe the efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in pediatric patients with paroxysmal supravetricular tachycardia (PSVT). Methods The clinical data of 97 pediatric patients with PSVT, who underwent RFCA in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2009 to January 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. 65 male and 32 female were found in 97 pediatric patients; the average of age and weight were (7.1±1.8) years and (32.4±8.9) kg respectively; and they were followed up for (27±21) months. RFCA surgery treatmen was analyzed. Results In this cohort, 66 cases (68.0%) were diagnosed with atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia(AVRT), which included 38 cases (57.6%) with left ventricular outflow and 28 cases (42.4%) with right ventricular outflow; and 31 cases (32.0%) with atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The success of the RFCA was achieved in 95 patients (97.9%); while recurrence occurred in 6 patients (6.2%). However, after second ablation, all those 6 patients were not recurrence. In this cohort, no complication was found during follow-up. Conclusion RFCA is safely and effectively in treating pediatric patients with PSVT.

[Key words] Radiofrequency catheter ablation; Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; Children

陣發性室上性心動過速(paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT)是兒童較為常見的一類心律失常病,發病率為1/250~1/1000,可引起胸悶、心悸等,持續發作可導致心力衰竭和阿斯綜合征的發生[1]。房室折返性心動過速(atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia,AVRT)或房室結折返性心動過速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)是PVST為最常見的兩種發病機制。以往主要以應用抗心律失常藥物治療為主,雖可控制癥狀,但無法根治,且存在副作用,具有一定局限性。自20世紀90年代以來,隨著經導管射頻消融(radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA)的迅猛發展,及其具有療程短、創傷小、無痛苦、安全性高、療效確切等優點,而用于根治兒童及青少年PSVT[2]。但國內關于RFCA治療兒童PSVT的研究尚少。本文回顧性分析了2009年1月~2013年1月四川省人民醫院(以下簡稱“我院”)收治的室上性心動過速患兒接受RFCA治療的臨床資料,通過門診隨訪,評估兒童各種PSVT經RFCA手術后的安全性和有效性,現將結果報道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

以我院收治的97例經RFCA治療的PSVT患兒97例為研究對象。其中男65例,女32例;年齡3~15歲,平均(7.1±1.8)歲;平均體重(32.4±8.9)kg;所有患者均接受心內電生理檢查及RFCA治療,射頻消融術后平均隨訪(27±11)個月。納入標準:①房室折返或房室結折返性心動過速呈反復性發作,發作時存在明顯血流動力學障礙;②房速呈持續性無休止發作,伴心臟輕度擴大,抗心律失常藥物治療無效。排除標準:①未行心內電生理、心臟彩超和心電圖檢查;②心臟彩超提示各室腔大小、結構及功能異常;③存在器質性心臟病病史;④未取得患兒監護人的書面同意。

1.2 研究方法

回顧性分析PSVT患兒的臨床資料,統計其性別年齡分布情況,觀察RFCA手術成功率,并發癥及復發率。所有患兒術前未曾服用抗心律失常藥或停藥至少5個半衰期以上,依據心內電生理檢查,確定PVST發作類型及消融靶點,手術方法參照RFCA治療快速心律失常指南[3],RFCA成功標準參照文獻[4]。

2 結果

在97例患兒中,AVRT患者66例(68.0%),其中左側旁道38例(57.6%),右側旁道28例(42.4%);AVNRT患者31例(32.0%);射頻消融即刻成功率為95例(97.9%);6例在隨訪過程中復發(6.3%),復發時間最短6 d,最長7個月,平均4.7個月。本組小兒RFCA治療效果詳見表1。

表1 小兒射頻消融術治療效果[n(%)]

注:AVRT:房室折返性心動過速;AVNRT:房室結折返性心動過速

在首次RFCA治療失敗的2個病例中,1例為AVRT患兒,因與HIS束距離較近放棄治療;另1例為AVNRT患兒,因在RFCA術中出現Ⅱ~Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯(AVB)而終止手術放棄治療。6例復發患者中AVNRT患兒占3例,復發率為9.7%;AVRT占3例,復發率為4.5%,其中右側旁道型AVRT患兒2例(66.7%),左側旁道型1例(23.3%)。6例復發患者給予再次射頻消融手術治療,隨訪6個月,未見復發。

患兒術后及隨訪過程中均未發生感染、肺損傷、瓣膜損傷、假性動脈瘤、瓣膜反流等,無死亡及其他并發癥的發生。1例AVNTR患兒術中出現Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯,術后經對癥治療后好轉為Ⅰ度房室傳導阻滯,目前一直服用抗心律失常藥物,病情控制良好。

3 討論

在兒科心律失常患兒中,以PVST最為常見,約占兒科心律失常的90%[5]。AVRT和AVNRT是PVST最常見的兩種形式,以AVRT為主,隨著年齡增長AVNRT呈增加趨勢[1]。持續或頻繁的心動過速,可導致心臟擴大,心功能減退,嚴重危害患兒身心健康,也給家庭帶來沉重的經濟負擔。以往主要以抗心律失常藥物治療為主,雖可控制癥狀,但無法根治。自1987年國外首次將RFCA應用于臨床治療房室折返性心動過速并取得成功,1991年我國首次將RFCA用于治療兒童預激綜合征以來,RFCA在我國取得迅猛發展并逐漸成為快速型心律失常病根治的首選方法。但由于兒童生長發育的特殊性,部分PVST患兒有自行緩解趨勢,且兒童心臟容積小,血管細,房室結發育不成熟等,使兒童期患兒進行RFCA治療有別于成人。

本研究中接受RFCA治療的66例AVRT患兒中,右側旁道28例,最小年齡為1歲,國內有研究報道最小年齡僅4個月的患兒安全的接受了手術[6];左側旁道38例,最小年齡6歲,可見左側旁道型患兒明顯多于右側旁道型。右側旁道型患兒消融時導管經下腔靜脈進入右房,消融導管貼靠于右側房室溝處,因靜脈較粗,所以即使年幼兒,仍可完成消融操作,因此對于較年幼的右側旁道型AVRT患兒可試行RFCA治療以達到根治的目的。而左側旁道型消融時,常采用心室側消融,而年幼兒動脈較細,消融導管頭端較難在動脈內打彎,因此左側旁道消融適用于較年長患兒。與左側旁道消融相比,右側旁道消融耗費時間較長,復發率高,可能由于導管貼靠三尖瓣不牢所致,嚴重者還可損傷三尖瓣,造成三尖瓣反流和瘢痕形成[7-8]。

本研究中的PVST患兒射頻消融術即刻成功率為97.9%,優于Hafez等[9]報道的88.3%的成功率。本研究中復發的6例患兒中,AVNRT和ANRT的復發率為9.7%和4.5%,可見AVNRT復發較AVRT多見,與以往研究相似[10]。AVNRT復發率較高的原因可能由于兒童慢旁通道距HIS希氏術較近,一般多采用較低消融能量、短時、多次消融的方法避免Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯的發生;另外AVNRT可存在多旁道,因此較難徹底消融。AVRT復發患兒則以右旁道多見,可能由于導管貼靠不牢、以致插入點距房室溝較遠導致無法徹底消融。

Lee等[11]研究顯示,在PVST的長期隨訪中,其復發率是4.7%;Komura等[12]在長達4年的隨訪中PVST復發率是12.9%。在本研究中,對所有患兒進行長期隨訪,發現PVST的復發率僅為6.2%。可見RFCA療程短、創傷小、無痛苦、安全性高、療效確切,可安全、有效地用于兒童PVST的治療,完成根治心律失常的目標,避免長時間服用抗心律失常藥物的困擾和外科開胸手術的痛苦。

[參考文獻]

[1] Salerno JC,Seslar SP. Supraventricular tachycardia [J]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,2009,163(3):268-274.

[2] Karpawich PP,Pettersen MD,Gupta P,et al. Infants and children with tachycardia:natural history and drug administration [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):743-752.

[3] Friedman RA,Walsh EP,Silka MJ,et al. NASPE Expert Consensus Conference:radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2002,25(6):1000-1017.

[4] De Santis A,Fazio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.

[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.

[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.

[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.

[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.

[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.

[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.

[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.

[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.

(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文編輯:李繼翔)

[3] Friedman RA,Walsh EP,Silka MJ,et al. NASPE Expert Consensus Conference:radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2002,25(6):1000-1017.

[4] De Santis A,Fazio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.

[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.

[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.

[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.

[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.

[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.

[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.

[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.

[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.

(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文編輯:李繼翔)

[3] Friedman RA,Walsh EP,Silka MJ,et al. NASPE Expert Consensus Conference:radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2002,25(6):1000-1017.

[4] De Santis A,Fazio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.

[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.

[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.

[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.

[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.

[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.

[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.

[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.

[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.

(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文編輯:李繼翔)

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