在英語(yǔ)閱讀的過(guò)程中,我們常常會(huì)遇到許多生詞、難詞,這些詞往往在很大程度上影響我們的閱讀速度和對(duì)文章的正確理解。很多時(shí)候我們沒(méi)有必要去查詞典,而只需利用上下文中的信號(hào)語(yǔ)即可推測(cè)生詞、難詞的具體含義,從而掃除閱讀中的詞匯障礙,提高閱讀效率。下文筆者將談?wù)勔恍┎略~技巧:
一、利用上下文中的定義或解釋
如果上下文中有直接下定義或者間接的解釋性詞句,只要理解了定義句或解釋性的詞句即可知道詞義。
1.直接定義
這類定義句的信號(hào)詞多為:be, mean, refer to, be considered to be, constitute, be called, be defined as等。如:Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
從后面“針對(duì)人類的專門研究”的定義即可知道Anthropology是“人類學(xué)”。
In slang the term “jam”constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
同樣,從上下文的定義可知jam 一詞在俚語(yǔ)中的意思是“困境”。
2.解釋性的詞語(yǔ)(包括定語(yǔ)從句)
有時(shí)作者采用破折號(hào)“—”、括號(hào)“()”、冒號(hào)“:”等方式引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句解釋生詞。如:People who eat too much spicy food are liable to suffer from dyspepsia — a condition commonly called indigestion.
由破折號(hào)后面的解釋可知dyspepsia 意為“消化不良”。
He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of his hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.
從who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可知生詞“prestidigitator”意為“從帽子里拉出兔子、吞火和玩其他類似把戲的人”,即“變戲法者”。
二、根據(jù)舉例
在閱讀過(guò)程中,有時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)“for example”、“for instance”、“such as”等表舉例的信號(hào)詞,這類詞可為猜測(cè)詞義提供重要線索。例如:Today young couples often spend lots of money on appliance, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and colors TVs.
通過(guò)washing machines, refrigerators and colors TVs等例子可知appliances 應(yīng)是“家用電器”。
三、根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系
在上下文中,如果對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比,就可根據(jù)一種意思來(lái)推斷其相反的詞義。主要信號(hào)詞有however,although, on the other hand, nevertheless, on the contrary, yet, whereas, in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。例如:Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
supercilious 對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是個(gè)生詞,但是它與句中短語(yǔ)in contrast(對(duì)照,對(duì)比)后面的詞組 humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)成對(duì)比關(guān)系,我們便能猜出supercilious 意為“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
本句中未出現(xiàn)表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ),但是通過(guò)上下文可以判斷出句子有對(duì)比關(guān)系,因此能推斷adept與unskilled 的詞義相反,故意為“熟練的”
四、根據(jù)比較關(guān)系
比較關(guān)系是上下文對(duì)兩個(gè)事物類似方面所做的比較,常見(jiàn)的信號(hào)詞有:as, the same , just as, like, similarly, also等。例如:Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
該句中的副詞similarly 表明短語(yǔ)loves to talk與loquacious 之間有相似關(guān)系。由此可以推斷l(xiāng)oquacious 詞意為“健談的”。
The Asian monkey, like other apes, is specially adapted for life in trees.
這里用like把a(bǔ)pe 和monkey 進(jìn)行比較,還用了一個(gè)other 說(shuō)明monkey可能是ape 的一種。那么也可以猜出ape 是“猿類”。
五、利用同義詞
為避免重復(fù),常用意思相近或相同的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)代替。如:Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Smith was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger, 用同義詞jeopardize 來(lái)替代它,由此可推知其詞義為“使……陷入危險(xiǎn),危及,危害”。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your heath. They also regard drinking as harmful.
如果detrimental 是個(gè)生詞,但只要判斷出harmful同detrimental的意思相近,就不難推斷出其義為“不利的,有害的”。
六、利用上下文邏輯關(guān)系
語(yǔ)篇都有嚴(yán)密的邏輯性, 可根據(jù)上下文的關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。
1.根據(jù)文義邏輯推測(cè)
例如:The criminal was to be killed at dawn; but he petitioned the king to save him and his request was granted.
前半部分講犯人要被處死,后面用“but” 一轉(zhuǎn),表明他死不了,因?yàn)椤癶is request was granted”,因此可推測(cè)“petition”意為“祈求”。
Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根據(jù)原因狀語(yǔ) he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others, 我們可以推斷出autocratic 詞意為“獨(dú)斷專行的”
2.根據(jù)常規(guī)邏輯推測(cè)
運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)也能推斷出生詞的含義。如:The snake slithered through the grass.
根據(jù)常識(shí),可以推斷出 slithered詞意為“爬行”。
除了這些,還可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推測(cè)生詞詞義,但限于篇幅,這里就不贅述了。