彭春艷 呂瑛 姚仁玲 徐肇敏 鄒曉平
·論著·
原發性胰腺小細胞癌的薈萃分析
彭春艷 呂瑛 姚仁玲 徐肇敏 鄒曉平
目的探討原發性胰腺小細胞癌的臨床病理特點、治療及預后情況。方法聯機檢索中國期刊全文數據庫、維普中文科技期刊數據庫、Medline/Pubmed及OVID全文數據庫,檢索截止至2012年4月,并結合南京鼓樓醫院診治的1例患者,進行系統評價。結果納入28篇文獻46例診斷明確的病例,加上鼓樓醫院1例,共47例胰腺小細胞癌患者。該病以男性多見,中位年齡62歲,臨床表現以腹痛、黃疸及消瘦為主,較少產生副腫瘤綜合征;多見血清神經元特異性烯醇化酶升高;CT檢查示病灶多呈不均勻強化,確診依靠病理檢查;63.8%(30/47)的患者確診時已發生轉移,患者總的中位生存期為28周。目前無統一治療模式,推薦以化療為主的系統治療。結論胰腺小細胞癌是一種發生率低、惡性程度高、侵襲性強、預后差的神經內分泌腫瘤。
神經內分泌瘤; 癌,小細胞; 胰腺; Meta分析
小細胞癌是一種惡性程度高、侵襲性強及預后極差的神經內分泌腫瘤,多見于肺臟,約占所有支氣管起源腫瘤的20%~25%[1],肺外部位少見,僅占所有小細胞癌的2.5%~4%[2],可發生于膀胱、前列腺、子宮、食管、膽囊、胰腺及結腸等部位。原發性胰腺小細胞癌最早報道于1973年[3],其占所有胰腺惡性腫瘤的1%[4]。目前研究多以個案報道為主,故對其臨床表現、生物學特征及治療方案的系統了解非常有限。此外,臨床實踐顯示此類患者早期確診困難,就診時多屬中晚期,預后差。因此,如何正確認識和處理好該病,對于改善患者預后有重要意義。本研究回顧性分析國內外文獻,并結合我院診治的1例原發性胰腺小細胞癌資料,以期提高對該病的認識。
一、文獻檢索及入選、排除標準
聯機檢索中英文數據庫,包括Medline/Pubmed(1960.1-2012.4)及OVID(1978.1-2012.4)全文數據庫、中國期刊全文數據庫(Chinese Journal Full-text Database, 1979.1-2012.4)及維普中文科技期刊數據庫(VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, 1989.1-2012.4),手工檢索所獲文獻的參考文獻。關鍵詞:neuroendocrine carcinoma pancreas,small cell cancer pancreas,胰腺小細胞癌,胰腺神經內分泌癌。
入選標準:(1)通過活檢穿刺或手術病理確診的病例;(2)患者資料至少包括年齡、性別、臨床表現、實驗室檢查、影像學資料、病理表現、免疫組化、治療方法及預后情況等項目中的5項;(3)重復報道病例僅納入最近發表的一篇文章。排除標準:(1)臨床資料不全,僅達上述納入標準5項以下者;(2)重復病例;(3)除外其他部位轉移的繼發性胰腺小細胞癌。
二、統計學分析
一、納入文獻
共檢索出1057篇文獻,經仔細閱讀標題和摘要,初步排除不符合研究目的的文獻1020篇,獲得可能符合納入標準的英文文獻27篇,中文文獻10篇。仔細閱讀全文,9篇文獻因未能提供患者詳細信息而被排除。最終納入22篇英文文獻[3-24]和6篇中文文獻[25-30]。
二、一般資料及臨床特征
28篇文獻共報道46例胰腺小細胞癌患者,加上我院1例,共47例。其中男性26例,女性21例,男女比為1.2∶1,發病年齡23~75歲,中位年齡62歲。最常見臨床表現為腹痛(15/47,31.9%)、黃疸(9/47,19.1%)、體重下降(8/47,17.0%)。個例表現為副腫瘤綜合征,例如異位促腎上腺皮質激素增多癥[3]和高鈣血癥[14]。
胰腺小細胞癌可發生于胰腺任何部位,本組胰頭部26例(55.3%),胰尾部10例(21.3%),胰體部6例(12.8%),全胰彌漫性病變2例(4.1%),胰頭體部1例(2.1%),頭尾部1例(2.1%),體尾部1例(2.1%);腫瘤長徑2~15 cm,平均(5.5±2.7)cm;單發45例(95.7%),多發2例。確診時30例(63.8%)發生轉移,常見轉移部位為胰周淋巴結(18/47,38.3%)、肝臟(11/47,23.4%),少見的轉移部位有腎上腺、骨髓、脾臟、鄰近血管及皮膚等。
三、腫瘤標記物及激素分泌
18例檢測血清CEA和CA19-9,各有2例輕度升高[16-17,19-20]。10例檢測血清神經元特異性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE),5例顯著升高[11,16-17, 20]。5例測定血胰島素、促胃液素及胰高血糖素水平,結果均在正常范圍[9, 11, 17-18,20]。3例行血乳酸脫氫酶檢查,結果均顯著升高[8-9,11]。1例血促腎上腺皮質激素升高[3],1例高鈣血癥[14],1例血胃泌素釋放肽前體升高,1例(術后檢查)血泌乳素升高[28],1例檢測血腸血管活性多肽及尿5-羥吲哚乙酸,結果正常[17]。
四、影像學特征
共35例有詳細的影像學特征記錄。20例患者行上腹部CT平掃+增強[7, 9-14, 18-21, 24,27-29],其中18例平掃時顯示為低密度軟組織占位,增強掃描示腫塊邊界清晰,11例[7, 11, 13, 18, 27-29]內部呈不均勻強化,7例呈低密度灶[9-10, 12, 16-17, 21, 24];2例胰腺彌漫性輕度強化[10,19]。8例行腹部B超,其中6例呈低回聲占位[7, 16-18, 27-28],2例胰腺彌漫性增大,回聲輕度增強[10,19]。5例行內鏡超聲(EUS),顯示腫塊輪廓清晰,內部呈低回聲,邊緣呈高回聲[13,18]。4例行上腹部磁共振掃描,僅2例詳細描述特征,病灶在T1加權呈低信號,T2加權呈高信號。2例行選擇性血管造影,提示病灶血管豐富或腫瘤濃染[17-18]。2例行ERCP,顯示肝內外膽管及膽總管擴張[12,17]。2例行正電子發射斷層顯像-計算機斷層掃描(PET)檢查,顯示高代謝病灶[13,24]。1例采用生長抑素受體閃爍成像檢測轉移灶[20]。
五、組織病理學及免疫組化特征
26例通過手術、9例通過B超及CT或EUS引導下穿刺活檢[4, 9, 19,13, 24]、1例通過腹腔鏡下胰體和淋巴結活檢、2例通過ERCP活檢[11-12]、9例通過尸檢[3-4, 10, 14]獲得組織標本。光鏡下見癌細胞體積較小,胞質稀少或呈裸核狀,核呈圓形或短梭形,深染,核仁不明顯,細胞界限不清,彌漫排列成片或呈巢團狀,并可見大片壞死,部分可見菊形團樣結構。44例為單一小細胞型(圖1a),3例為小細胞癌-腺癌混合型[8,15]。
18例有詳細的免疫組化結果[13,15-22,24,28-29],突觸融素(synaptophysin, Syn)陽性率100%(8/8,圖1b),嗜鉻蛋白A (chromogranin A, CgA)陽性率90%(9/10),NSE陽性率77.8%(7/9),角蛋白陽性率100%(5/5),CA19-9陽性率10% (1/10),CEA陽性率20% (2/10),CD20陰性(0/10)。

圖1原發性胰腺小細胞癌的病理學改變(a HE×100)及Syn蛋白表達(b 免疫組化×100)
六、治療方式及預后
單純手術治療6例,單純化療9例,手術聯合化療16例,手術聯合放療1例,放療聯合化療3例,手術聯合放化療3例,對癥處理9例。常用化療方案為鉑類+吉西他濱,其他如5-FU、表阿霉素、干擾素及生長抑素等也有應用。
43例患者記錄了詳細的生存時間。截止文獻報道之日,有5例患者存活。患者生存2~692周,中位生存期28周(圖2a),局限期和進展期患者的中位生存期分別為60周和16周(圖2b),兩組差異有統計學意義(χ2=5.90,P=0.015)。單純手術組的中位生存期為24周,單純化療組為200周,手術聯合化療組為24周,手術聯合放療組為224周,化療聯合放療組為16周,手術聯合放化療的1例生存期為692周,對癥處理組為4周。
原發性胰腺小細胞癌又稱低分化內分泌癌、高度惡性神經內分泌癌,是胰腺神經內分泌癌的一種。目前對其組織來源及發生機制尚未明了。傳統認為胰腺神經內分泌癌起源于胰島細胞,而目前學者則傾向于多能干細胞學說,即多極分化能力的胰腺導管細胞在致癌因素作用下既可轉變為小細胞癌,也可轉變為腺癌[31]。本研究中3例混合型癌的免疫組化顯示角蛋白高表達,似乎支持多能干細胞分化學說。近期有學者已建立胰腺小細胞癌的穩定細胞株[32],這將有助于對其分子生物學和遺傳學特性的深入研究。

圖2原發性胰腺小細胞癌患者總的生存曲線(a)及不同分期患者的生存曲線(b)
原發性胰腺小細胞癌好發于中老年男性,病灶多為單發,可發生于胰腺各個部位,以胰頭部多見。臨床常表現為腹痛、黃疸及體重下降,而反映神經內分泌功能的臨床特征較為少見,且多為無功能性,故早期診斷極為困難。CEA、CA19-9等胰腺腫瘤標記物多為正常,而反映神經內分泌功能的標記物例如NSE表達率較高,可作為療效觀察的指標之一[11, 17]。因此,對臨床上CA19-9正常的胰腺占位需考慮該癥可能,聯合血清NSE檢查可協助診斷。
CT是最常用的診斷原發性胰腺小細胞癌的手段之一。CT征象包括:(1)平掃時腫瘤密度比較均勻,亦可發生囊變壞死;(2)腫瘤強化程度高于胰腺導管腺癌;(3)發生肝轉移的概率相對較高,且亦具有富血供特點。但CT征象無法與其他富血供腫瘤例如胰島細胞瘤、類癌、腺泡細胞癌等鑒別。EUS的優勢在于增加胰腺小病灶檢出率及進行病灶細針穿刺獲取組織有助于定性診斷。近年來,生長抑素受體閃爍成像是根據內分泌腫瘤的生物學特性開發的成像技術,可顯示其他常規影像學檢查無法檢測的小病灶和轉移灶[33],可作為胰腺小細胞癌分期及預后評估的首選方法[20]。其他一些檢查手段例如選擇性血管造影、PET及MRI也可用于胰腺小細胞癌的定位診斷。
原發性胰腺小細胞癌確診主要依靠病理檢查。神經內分泌腫瘤標記物Syn、CgA及NSE陽性率較高,而CA19-9、CEA以及CD20等多為陰性。值得注意的是,原發性胰腺小細胞癌發生率低,故確診該病首先須排除其他部位的小細胞癌的轉移灶。
原發性胰腺小細胞癌局限期患者的中位生存期顯著長于進展期患者,不同治療方案組患者中位生存期也有差別。本研究納入的均屬個案報道,存在選擇性偏倚,故不能得出最佳的治療模式。有學者認為肺外小細胞癌的組織學表現、基因改變和高度侵襲性的生物學特點與小細胞肺癌相似,故強調了化療在胰腺小細胞癌治療中的地位[34]。目前常用的化療方案以鉑類和健擇為主。部分學者認為手術不僅可切除病灶,而且可延長患者的無瘤生存時間[35]。部分學者則認為因局限期患者存在微小轉移,手術可導致癌細胞的擴散,加速腫瘤進展,從而強調以化療為基礎的全身系統治療[36]。本組采用手術聯合放化療的1例生存時間長達10余年。因此,三者聯合的綜合治療不失為一種可選擇的療法。其他如采用生長抑素受體介導的靶向治療也有一定療效。
[1] Percy C,Sobin L.Surveillance,epidemiology,and end results lung cancer data applied to the World Health Organization′s classifications of lung tumors.J Natl Cancer Inst,1983,70:663-666.
[2] Van der Heijden HF, Heijdra YF. Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma. South Med J, 2005, 98: 345-349.
[3] Corrin B,Gilby ED,Jones NF,et al.Oat cell carcinoma of the pancreas with ectopic ACTH secretion.Cancer,1973,31:1523-1527.
[4] Reyes CV, Wang T. Undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the pancreas: a report of five cases. Cancer, 1981, 47: 2500-2502.
[5] Ordónez NG,Cleary KR,Mackay B.Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas.Ultrastruct Pathol,1997, 21:467-474.
[6] Morikawa T, Kobayashi S, Yamadori I, et al. Three cases of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma occurring in the prostate, stomach, and pancreas. Indian J Cancer,1994, 31: 268-273.
[7] Kinoshita K, Minami T, Ohmori Y, et al. Curative resection of a small cell carcinoma of the pancreas: report of a case of long survival without chemotherapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004, 19: 1087-1091.
[8] Wahid NA, Neugut AI, Hibshoosh H, et al. Response of small cell carcinoma of pancreas to a small cell lung cancer regimen: a case report. Cancer Invest, 1996, 14: 335-339.
[9] Morant R, Bruckner HW. Complete remission of refractory small cell carcinoma of the pancreas with cisplatin and etoposide. Cancer, 1989, 64:2007-2009.
[10] Chetty R, Clark SP, Pitson GA. Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Pathology, 1993, 25: 240-242.
[11] O′Connor TP, Wade TP, Sunwoo YC, et al. Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas. Report of a patient with tumor marker studies. Cancer, 1992, 70: 1514-1519.
[12] Chung MS, Ha TK, Lee KG, et al. A case of long survival in poorly differentiated small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. World J Gastroenterol, 2008, 14: 4964-4967.
[13] Sakamoto H, Kitano M, Komaki T, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the pancreas: role of EUS-FNA and subsequent effective chemotherapy using carboplatin and etoposide. J Gastroenterol, 2009, 44: 432-438.
[14] Hobbs RD,Stewart AF,Ravin ND,et al.Hypercalcemia in small cell carcinoma of the pancreas.Cancer,1984,53:1552-1554.
[15] Motojima K, Furui J, Terada M, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the pancreas and biliary tract. J Surg Oncol,1990, 45: 164-168.
[16] Matsubayashi H, Fujiwara S, Kobayashi Y, et al. A small cell carcinoma of the pancreas with a high level of serum ProGRP. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2004, 38: 834-835.
[17] Nakamura Y, Tajiri T, Uchida E, et al. Changes to levels of serum neuron-specific enolase in a patient with small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2005, 12: 93-98.
[18] Namieno T, Koito K, Nagakawa T, et al. Diagnostic features on images in primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Am J Gastroenterol, 1997, 92: 319-322.
[19] Wang RF, Chou YH, Hwang JI, et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas with an unusual sonographic appearance. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007, 35: 82-84.
[20] Berkel S, Hummel F, Gaa J, et al. Poorly differentiated small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. A case report and review of the literature. Pancreatology, 2004, 4:521-526.
[21] Wang D, Rong Y, Wu W, et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas: rare type of pancreatic cancer and review of the literatures. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 32.
[22] Winter JM, Narang AK, Mansfield AS, et al. Resectable pancreatic small cell carcinoma. Rare Tumors, 2011, 3: e5.
[23] Yachida S, Vakiani E, White CM, et al. Small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas are genetically similar and distinct from well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Surg Pathol, 2012, 36: 173-184.
[24] Choi EH, Coyle W. A pancreatic mass in a patient with nausea and vomiting. Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Gastroenterology, 2011, 140: e5-e6.
[25] 戎葉飛, 樓文暉, 靳大勇. 胰腺神經內分泌癌3例報道. 中華臨床醫藥雜志,2004,5: 97-98.
[26] 周莉,侯安繼. 胰腺小細胞癌術后長期存活一例. 臨床內科雜志,2011,28: 351.
[27] 冀子中,鄔萬新, 朱文君. 無功能胰腺神經內分泌癌. 中華消化雜志,2009,29: 669.
[28] 呂葉,王寧菊, 馬濤. 胰腺神經內分泌癌2例并文獻復習. 寧夏醫科大學學報,2009,31: 833-835.
[29] 劉騫,黃帥,劉劍坡,等. 胰腺神經內分泌癌的診斷及外科治療(附10例臨床報告). 實用腫瘤雜志,2011,26: 262-265.
[30] 李榮強,高春妮,張曉康,等. 胰尾部胰腺小細胞癌誤診1例. 山東醫藥,2001,41: 68-69.
[31] Park JY, Hong SM, Klimstra DS, et al. Pdx1 expression in pancreatic precursor lesions and neoplasms. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol, 2011, 19: 444-449.
[32] Yachida S, Zhong Y, Patrascu R, et al. Establishment and characterization of a new cell line, A99, from a primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Pancreas, 2011, 40: 905-910.
[33] Lebtahi R,Cadiot G,Mignon M,et al.Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy:a first-line imaging modality for gastroenteropan-creatic neuroendocrine tumors.Gastroenterology,1998,115:1025-1027.
[34] Van Der Gaast A, Verwey J, Prins E, et al. Chemotherapy as treatment of choice in extrapulmonary undifferentiated small cell carcinomas. Cancer, 1990, 65: 422-424.
[35] Mitani M, Kuwabara Y, Shinoda N, et al. Long-term survivors after the resection of limited esophageal small cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 2000, 13: 259-261.
[36] Casas F, Ferrer F, Farrús B, et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy and prognosis. Cancer, 1997, 80: 1366-1372.
Systematicreviewof47casesofprimarysmallcellcarcinomaofthepancreas
PENGChun-yan,LüYing,YAORen-ling,XUZhao-min,ZOUXiao-ping.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,DrumTowerHospital,MedicalSchool,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210008,China
Correspondingauthor:ZOUXiao-ping,Email:zouxiaoping795@hotmail.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinicopathologic features, therapy, and prognosis of primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas.MethodsDatabases including Chinese Journal Full-text Database, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Medline/Pubmed, and OVID were searched electronically up to April 2012. A systematic review was performed together with one case in our hospital.ResultsTwenty-eight articles fulfilling the criteria consisting of 46 patients with pathologically confirmed diagnosis of primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas were studied, together with 1 patient in our Drum Tower Hospital, finally 47 patients were included. The results of this systematic review showed: (1)Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas was more common in men with a median age of 62. The most common clinical presentations were abdominal pain, jaundice and weight loss. Para-neoplastic syndrome was rarely observed. (2)Most cases were found to have abnormally elevated serum levels of neuron-specific enolase. CT displayed heterogeneous, and marked enhancing masses in most cases. The conclusive diagnosis depended on histological confirmation. (3)63.8% of the cases were found to be associated with metastasis at the time of diagnosis. The overall median survival time was 28 weeks. (4) There was no consensus on the treatment of primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Chemotherapy was currently considered as the treatment of choice among the systematic management for these patients.ConclusionsPrimary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas was a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with a poor prognosis.
Neuroendorine tumors; Carcinoma, small cell; Pancreas; Meta-analysis
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2012.04.003
210008 南京,南京大學醫學院附屬鼓樓醫院消化科
鄒曉平,Email:zouxiaoping795@hotmail.com
2012-04-27)
(本文編輯:呂芳萍)