摘 要 朗讀訓(xùn)練在學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)中的作用是巨大的。它不僅可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生對字、詞、句的發(fā)音,對文章快慢、輕重、停連、語調(diào)的掌握,還能幫助學(xué)生記憶大量的詞匯和段落,能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語感,深入體味文章內(nèi)涵的能力,從而達(dá)到使學(xué)生熱愛英語、實(shí)踐英語的目的。
關(guān)鍵詞 漢英差異 朗讀技巧 意群 口腔肌肉訓(xùn)練
中圖分類號:G633.4 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
Talking about English Reading Skills
LI Xiaoyan
(Zhuhai Tianjiabing Middle School, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100)
Abstract The role of reading training in the English language learning is enormous. It can not only train students to word, sentence pronunciation, speed of the article, the severity, even stop, the tone of the master, but also to help students remember a lot of words and paragraphs, to students of a sense of language, the ability to thoroughly appreciate the article content to achieve the purpose that students love the English language and practice English.
Key words difference between Chinese and English; reading skills; sense-group; oral muscle training
1 強(qiáng)調(diào)漢英語音、節(jié)奏之差異
大多數(shù)學(xué)生開始學(xué)英語時(shí),已基本上掌握了漢語聲調(diào)語言,字的每個(gè)音節(jié)都有特定的聲調(diào),而且聲調(diào)起著區(qū)別和改變詞義的重要作用。然而英語是語調(diào)語言,沒有固定的詞調(diào)。詞中音節(jié)聲調(diào)高低沒有區(qū)別詞義的作用,它們要服從全句的語調(diào)。例如,kite這個(gè)詞,隨便你念成平調(diào)、升調(diào)、升降調(diào)、降升調(diào)或降調(diào),它的意思不會改變,依舊是“風(fēng)箏”,不會變成別的東西。
節(jié)奏指語句中各音節(jié)的輕重、長短和快慢之間的關(guān)系。包括重音、時(shí)間和連續(xù)。英語講究輕重音節(jié)的搭配。英語多音節(jié)詞或語句,總是以重音為骨干,以輕音為陪襯,而重音與輕音又是交替出現(xiàn)的。如果一句話中出現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)重音,那么各個(gè)重音之間的時(shí)間間隔要大致保持相等。為了保持這種時(shí)間間隔的相等,說話或朗讀時(shí),就得采用各種方法來調(diào)整。首先,要注意各個(gè)音節(jié)之間的輕音節(jié)數(shù)目。輕音節(jié)少就可以念得慢點(diǎn),輕音節(jié)多就必須念得快些。如:It’s′half past′one. It’s a′quarter e′leven.第一句話有4個(gè)音節(jié),第二句話有8個(gè)音節(jié)。但因?yàn)檫@兩句話都各有兩個(gè)重音,按照英語的發(fā)音規(guī)則,說這兩句話所占用的時(shí)間是基本上相等的,每句話各占兩拍。學(xué)生對英語語音這一重要特點(diǎn)較難掌握。他們受漢語語言節(jié)奏的影響,讀英語時(shí),每個(gè)音節(jié)發(fā)音長短一致,每個(gè)詞都清清楚楚地念出來。因而,朗讀和說話都不大像英語。本族主為英語的人有時(shí)甚至?xí)J(rèn)為這種說話方式非常生硬、沒有禮貌。其次,要注意連讀。連讀是指在一個(gè)意群中,前一個(gè)詞以輔音結(jié)尾,后一個(gè)詞以元音開頭,講話時(shí),講話人會從一個(gè)詞滑向另一個(gè)詞。最后,要注意漢英重讀的差異。例如他們會把“I’m a′teacher” 讀成“I′am′a′teacher”。為了使學(xué)生將英語盡量說得具有洋味,不再說母音濃重的Chinglish。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確的語調(diào)習(xí)慣和英語語言的節(jié)奏感。
2 講究朗讀技巧
朗讀是英語課堂教學(xué)的一個(gè)重要組成部分,是學(xué)生學(xué)好英語的奠基石。如果只是機(jī)械地朗讀,教師勞累,學(xué)生疲倦,收效甚微,而且整個(gè)課堂也沒有活力。教師在教學(xué)生朗讀句子時(shí)要講究朗讀方法。
(1)在朗讀短句時(shí),開始幾遍可以放慢速度,待學(xué)生初步熟悉后,可讓學(xué)生加速,增加學(xué)生朗讀難度,用不同的重音、語調(diào)去讀同一個(gè)句子,表示不同的情感和語氣,如重音、升調(diào)、降調(diào),使整個(gè)課堂氣氛充滿生機(jī)與活力。
A、句子重音。在連貫的語句中,一般情況下:實(shí)詞:名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞要重讀。虛詞:冠詞、連詞、介詞不需要重讀。少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)和許多代詞(人稱、代詞、物主代詞) 在句子中也不需要重讀。但在句末的be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞要重讀。請看給下列句子的重音:
①She′ stays in a ′house near ↘′here.
②I’m ′cleaning the ↘′windows.
③′ What ′time do you ′have ↘′lunch?
④Are they′ playing ↗football? Y′es, they ↘′are.
⑤Can I ′have my ′pen ↗back? ′Yes, you ↘′can.
⑥D(zhuǎn)o you ′have any ′color ↗pencils? ′ No, I↘ ′don’t.
B、語調(diào)。英語的基本語調(diào)有兩種:降調(diào)和升調(diào)。
降調(diào):句子末尾語調(diào)下降的叫降調(diào)。陳述句 、祈使句、感嘆句、特殊疑問句、選擇問句均用降調(diào)。請看下列例子:
①I have 'dinner at half past 'seven 'every ↘'night. 陳述句(用降調(diào))
②'Who is your 'good friend in ↘'school? 特殊問句(用降調(diào))
③Do you 'go to 'school by↗ 'bus or on ↘'foot? 選擇問句(用降調(diào))
④'What a 'wonderful 'party we had 'last↘night! 感嘆句(用降調(diào))
升調(diào):句子末尾語調(diào)上升的叫升調(diào)。一般疑問句、選擇疑問句or前部分、主句前的從句、主語前的狀語、并列成分and前部分、表示道歉和請求的句子均用升調(diào)。請看下列例子:
①Do you 'like ↗ singing?
②Would you 'like a 'cup of ↗ tea or a 'glass of ↘ milk?
③When she 'learned ↗ that, she was 'very ↗ ' sad and 'started to ↘'cry.
④At the ↗ 'weekend, I 'stay at ↗home and 'do my ↘ 'homework.
⑤I 'can’t 'help you 'this ↗evening.
⑥I 'beg your ↗pardon.
(2)朗讀長句時(shí),化整為零,化零為整。將一個(gè)長句分為若干個(gè)意群,該停頓的地方停頓,待各意群讀熟了以后再讀整個(gè)句子。在說話或朗讀時(shí),意群與意群之間可以有一定的停頓,但在同一意群的各個(gè)詞之間則不可停頓,以使整個(gè)意群的意思不致中斷。培養(yǎng)正確的停頓習(xí)慣是提高朗讀水平的重要技能之一。如:In the United States / in the early nineteenth century, Dolly Madison, the wife of the fourth American President, organized an egg roll / in Washington D. C. She had been told / that Egyptian children / used to roll eggs / against the pyramids / so she invited the children of Washington / to roll the hard-boiled eggs / down the hilly lawn / of the new Capitol building.
什么叫意群呢?人們講話時(shí),為了使意思表達(dá)得更加清楚,通常需要把一個(gè)句子按照其意義和語法結(jié)構(gòu)分成幾個(gè)部分。每個(gè)部分由一組詞構(gòu)成來表達(dá)一種意思。這樣的一組詞稱為一個(gè)意群(sense group)。人們用停頓和升降調(diào)來標(biāo)志意群的結(jié)尾。意群可以用“|”或“/”這一符號來表示。 如: We three / are all good students / in school.
意群劃分規(guī)律:意群是根據(jù)意義、語法和語調(diào)這三個(gè)因素來劃分的。從語義、語法上講意群必須是能夠表達(dá)某種意思的一個(gè)詞、一組詞、一個(gè)短語、一個(gè)從句或主句。從語調(diào)來說,意群必須是可以用降調(diào)、升調(diào)來朗讀的一個(gè)語調(diào)單位。如: At the ↗ 'weekend,| I 'stay at ↗home| and 'do my 'homework.| 這一句話根據(jù)句中所包含的三個(gè)意義單位、三個(gè)語法單位及語調(diào)單位可分成三個(gè)意群,見下表:
請看下列句子的意群劃分:
①There are / five people / in my family.
②Yesterday / Tom and Kate / played games.
③Go down this road / and turn left / at the second crossing.
④She suddenly remember / that she had to buy / some DVDs / for her son.
講究朗讀技巧的同時(shí),教師也要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生持之以恒的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,是學(xué)好英語的關(guān)鍵,讓學(xué)生在朗讀中體會興趣,引發(fā)樂趣,肯磨嘴皮,肯下功夫,并能說出流利的“英文”,喜歡說“洋話”。
3 朗讀與口腔肌肉訓(xùn)練
以上所講述的句子重音、停頓、意群、語調(diào)都是英語朗讀的重要組成部分。是在朗讀英語時(shí)必須注意掌握的朗讀技巧。英語朗讀的學(xué)習(xí)和掌握需要刻苦地練習(xí)和大量的模仿。
如果注意觀察外國人說漢語,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們咬字吐音很吃力,舌頭不聽使喚,發(fā)出的音調(diào)生硬別扭,先憑聽覺就知道不是本國人,而他們說起英語來則如行云流水,朗朗上口。由此可見語感與口腔肌肉訓(xùn)練密切相關(guān)。有些人不喜歡念出聲,常以默讀代替朗讀,嚴(yán)重缺乏口腔肌肉訓(xùn)練,難怪有些人說出的英語缺乏一種味道,不像那么回事。實(shí)際上,這由于口腔肌和大腦思維不能協(xié)調(diào)配合而導(dǎo)致語音、語調(diào)、節(jié)奏和語義不能自然結(jié)合的語感效果。教師在給初學(xué)者上語音課時(shí),都要給他們剖析每一個(gè)語音的口腔部位,并告訴他們,如果口腔部位做準(zhǔn)確了,所發(fā)出的語音就是準(zhǔn)確的。那么,掌握了準(zhǔn)確的發(fā)音要領(lǐng),就形成了語感了嗎?不,語感并非體現(xiàn)在單個(gè)的發(fā)音要領(lǐng)上,它是語音、語調(diào)、節(jié)奏和語言能力的綜合體現(xiàn)。有人早就總結(jié)出,學(xué)英語要“用嘴努力”,“從嘴突破”。如果強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練舌部肌肉,堅(jiān)持以快速、高聲、清晰的方式來多讀多說,久而久之,口腔就會自然適應(yīng)一系列英語語音語調(diào),從而產(chǎn)生出語感效應(yīng)。我們可以來試一下怎樣朗讀以下兩篇文章:
A
California︱ is the third largest state in the ↗ USA ︱ but has the largest ↘ population. It also has the ↗ distinction ︱ of being the most multicultural ↗ state ︱ in the ↘ USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the ↗ immigrants ︱ live on ︱ in their new ↘ home. This diversity of ↗ culture ︱ is not ↗ surprising ︱ when you know the history of ↘ California.
Exactly when the first arrived ↗in ︱ what we know as ↘ California, no one really knows. However, it is likely ↗ that ︱ Native Americans ︱ were living in ↗ California ︱ at least fifteen thousand years ↘ ago. Scientists ↗ believe ︱ that these settlers crossed the Bering ↗ Strait ︱ in the Arctic ︱ to America ︱ by means of a land ↗ bridge ︱ which existed in prehistoric ↘ times. In the 16th ↗ century, after the arrival of the ↗ Europeans, the native people suffered ↘ greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into ↘ slavery. In ↗ addition, many died from the ↗ diseases ︱ brought by the ↘ Europeans. However, some survived these terrible ↘ times, and ↗ today ︱ there are more Native Americans living in ↗ California ︱ than in any other ↘ state.
B
In the United ↘ States ︱ in the early nineteenth ↗ century, Dolly Madison, the wife of the fourth American ↘ President, organized an egg ↗ roll ︱ in Washington ↘ D. C. She had been ↗ told ︱ that Egyptian children /used to roll eggs ︱ against the ↗ pyramids ︱ so she invited the children of ↘ Washington ︱ to roll the hard-boiled ↗ eggs ︱ down the hilly ↗ lawn / of the new Capitol ↘ building. The custom ↗ continued, except for the years during the Civil ↘ War. In ↗ 1880, the First Lady ︱ invited children to the White ↘ House ︱ for the Egg ↗ Roll ︱ because officials had ↗ complained ︱ that they were ruining the Capitol ↘ lawn. It has been held ↘ there / ever since ↗ then, only canceled during times of ↘ war. The event has ↗ grown, and today Easter ↗ Monday / is the only day of the ↗ year / when tourist are ↘ allowed / to wander over the White House ↘ lawn. The wife of the ↘ President / sponsors it / for the children of the entire ↘ country. The egg rolling ↗ event / is open to children twelve years old and ↘ under. Adults are ↗ allowed / only when accompanied by ↘ children.
只要功夫到了,自然會水到渠成,在朗讀中講出自然、漂亮的英語。
孔子說:“不憤不啟,不悱不發(fā)。”(《論語·述而》)對我們進(jìn)行朗讀指導(dǎo)教學(xué)很有借鑒意義。我們除了啟發(fā)學(xué)生懂得朗讀技巧的具體內(nèi)容之外,更重要的還在于啟發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)掌握朗讀的技能。“授人以魚,不若授人以漁”,教學(xué)過程中朗讀技巧訓(xùn)練是至關(guān)重要的。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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