2001年,ZuK等[1]研究發現并證實,抽脂術獲得的脂肪組織中存在一群具有多向分化潛能的細胞,被稱為脂肪來源干細胞(Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells,ASCs)。從此以后,ASCs開始逐漸被人們認識。ASCs取材容易、來源豐富,與骨髓間充質干細胞(Bone marrow derived stromal/stem cells,BMSCs)一樣具有自我更新能力、活力持久及多向分化潛能等干細胞特征,并且具有穩定生長和增殖、促進組織修復的能力。ASCs不僅在整形外科領域,如自體脂肪移植、促進創面愈合等,而且在心肌缺血、神經系統疾病、組織工程等領域中有著很好的應用前景,因此,關于ASCs的研究成為醫學研究的熱點之一,已經有部分的臨床研究、基礎研究持續不斷深入,取得了較多的成果,本文就ASCs的基礎研究進展綜述如下。
1概述
ZuK等[1-2]以抽脂獲得的人脂肪組織為研究對象,按照Katz等[3]的干細胞分離方法,獲得了一個呈成纖維細胞形態的細胞群,體外培養時發現該細胞群具有穩定的倍增效應,能夠向多種細胞分化,具有與干細胞所特有的多向分化潛能及自我復制能力,被稱為脂肪來源干細胞(Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells,ASCs)。目前文獻上主要是利用抽脂方式或者外科切除的脂肪組織進行膠原酶消化獲得的細胞進行培養。ZuK等[1-2]的研究表明,經消化、離心、過濾分離的細胞接種4h后開始貼壁,24~48h內細胞生長處于停滯狀態,形態呈小圓形,直徑約5μm,色深。48h后,貼壁細胞開始伸展,呈成纖維細胞樣短梭形,生長有方向性,直徑增加至約20μm。5~6天后細胞呈集落樣生長,有克隆形成。傳代后細胞仍呈成纖維細胞樣梭形生長。經過多次傳代(l0~20代),細胞的增殖速度無明顯減慢,表現出低衰老性。這表明脂肪組織蘊含豐富的ASCs細胞,Kotaro等[4]研究顯示從抽脂術后抽吸物中提取的細胞至少有10%是ASCs,且細胞體外擴增能力很強,易于傳代培養。
2ASCs的鑒定
目前,尚無直接方法可鑒定ASCs。干細胞鑒定常用的鑒定方法都是通過分化表型逆推得知是否為干細胞[5]。ASCs在形態上與BMSCs相似,因此無法從形態學上與之鑒別[6]。研究證實多種干細胞皆可表達CD44。CD44表達為陽性,說明細胞來源于干細胞。在表型上,ASCs與BMSCs有共同之處,共同表達的有CD29,CD44,CD71,CD90,CD105,SH2,SH3;都不表達CD31,CD34,CD45。但ASCs肯定表達CD49,肯定不表達CD106;BMSCs肯定表達CD106,肯定不表達CD49。以上皆表明二者存在差別[7-9]。鑒定除分化表型外還要看是否具備干細胞的分化能力,目前文獻上主要選擇成脂和成骨分化鑒定。
3多向分化潛能
3.1 向脂肪細胞分化:體外試驗證明,ASCs能夠回到原始分化途徑,形成脂肪組織。經3-異丁基-1-甲基黃嘌呤(IBMX)、吲哚美辛、胰島素、地塞米松7~10天的誘導后,油紅染色可發現ASCs中充滿含有中性脂滴的小泡,能合成脂肪酸結合蛋白αP2和脂蛋白酶,并分泌脂蛋白瘦素[10]。在動物模型中注入已分化或未分化的ASCs,并配合不同的生物材料,如藻酸鹽、透明質酸、纖維膠、多聚乳酸等,均能形成脂肪,而且使用多孔的生物材料能提高成脂肪的能力。
3.2 向成骨細胞分化:人ASCs在含有維生素C、β-甘油磷酸、1,25-二羥維生素D3的培養基中誘導2~4周,可在細胞外基質中形成磷酸鹽鈣化沉積物,并且表達骨源性基因和蛋白質(包括堿性磷酸酶、骨連接素和骨橋蛋白、成骨蛋白及骨鈣素)。將ASCs包埋入由羥磷灰石/磷酸鹽三鈣構成的多孔的水立方體,植入免疫缺陷的小鼠體中,6周后可產生來自ASCs的新的骨樣組織。相同的實驗條件下,它可比BMSCs產生更多的骨祖細胞和細胞外鈣化的基質成分[11]。
3.3 向軟骨細胞分化:在培養基中加入轉化生長因子-β(TGF-β)、胰島素樣生長因子(IGF)、維生素C和地塞米松及轉鐵蛋白后,ASCs能顯示出Ⅱ型膠原等與成熟軟骨細胞相關的生化標志。使用合適的三維支架培養1~2周后的ASCs能分泌軟骨細胞的細胞外基質蛋白和Ⅱ、Ⅵ型膠原和蛋白聚糖[12]。也有文獻報道利用微團培養,組織學表現變得越來越像軟骨,細胞間隙染色都是蛋白多糖[13-14],在培養3周的時候,Ⅱ型和Ⅹ型膠原均上調。
3.4 向肌細胞分化
3.4.1 向骨骼肌細胞分化:在加入馬血清的培養基中,ASCs能表達肌細胞生成素、肌原性調節蛋白(myoD)及骨骼肌轉錄調節因子。最終,細胞融合形成多核的肌管,并表達骨骼肌細胞譜系的標志蛋白,如肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶[15]。Gimble等[16]認為ASCs在骨骼肌損傷修復中很有應用前景。
3.4.2 向心肌細胞分化:培養基中加入5-氮雜胞苷誘導培養1周后,ASCs的形態發生改變,2周后細胞變成圓形,3周后細胞出現自發性搏動,并表達心肌細胞的特異性蛋白—肌鈣蛋白I[17]。形態學、免疫組化和超微結構分析證明,這種分化的細胞有心室樣和心房樣細胞特性。有實驗將ASCs注入鼠梗死心肌中,得到了較好的治療效果[18],相關動物心肌模型試驗還需要進一步驗證。
3.4.3 向平滑肌細胞分化:在體外培養中,發現ASCs表達α-平滑肌肌動蛋白,提示它有修復胃腸道或泌尿道平滑肌損傷的價值。Garcia等[19]移植自體同源的ASCs以修復直腸陰道瘺,并且觀察到瘺管愈合良好,說明自體同源的ASCs可能成為極具價值的治療方法。
此外,ASCs還被發現向其他細胞或胚層方向分化,例如可以向內皮細胞[20]、造血細胞[21]及神經細胞[22-23]等方向分化,并有報道稱可以在一定的條件下向上皮細胞[24]、肝細胞[25]、胰島細胞[26]方向轉化。以上表明,ASCs具有多向分化潛能,在一定誘導條件下可向各個胚層細胞分化。
4促進創面愈合和組織修復
成纖維細胞(Fibroblast,FB)是創面修復中起主要作用的細胞,通過增殖、遷移、合成和分泌細胞外基質等方式,參與肉芽組織及瘢痕形成和后期創面重塑。其中FB的增殖、遷移是創面愈合的兩個重要因素。Kim[27]發現ASCs培養上清能夠促進FB增殖,這個作用可能是通過ASCs在培養過程中產生的多種活性細胞因子實現的,如血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)、肝細胞生長因子(HGF)、b型成纖維細胞生長因子(bFGF)等。Kim等[28]還發現ASCs具有減少細胞損傷,減少FB凋亡的能力。 Kim, Lee等[27,29]研究發現,ASCs能夠對FB的增殖遷移甚至膠原分泌等方面產生促進作用。另一方面,ASCs通過促進創傷部位血供的恢復來促進創面愈合。已經有不少關于ASCs可以促進慢性創面或者是急性創面愈合的文章,特別是對于放射性創面,效果很好。Lin等[30]研究表明,將ASCs移植到大鼠大腦局灶性缺血部位后,通過促進Bcl-2表達和抑制caspase-12來減少凋亡的發生,起到促進缺血組織存活和修復的作用,同樣的實驗結果在其他組織修復研究中也有發現。
5 促進血管新生
Lu等[31]研究發現,ASCs具備促進血管新生的功能。Nakagami等[32]認為,ASCs促血管新生能力和BMSCs沒有差別。ASCs能促進血管新生不僅是由于它具有分化為血管內皮細胞的潛能并進而參與血管構成。另外,它的分泌作用也在其中起到了重要的作用。Rehman等[33]的實驗顯示,在低氧環境中的ASCs,其VEGF的分泌量約為正常氧含量環境中的5倍;低氧環境中的ASCs上清能明顯促進血管內皮細胞的生長和減少內皮細胞凋亡。Kim等[34]進行的干細胞向血管內皮分化的誘導實驗發現,ASCs比BMSCs能夠形成更多完整的管狀結構。已經有關于ASCs促血管化治療的文章了,這才是直接證據,ASCs對缺血組織器官的治療將會是最具可行性的細胞治療方案之一。
6 免疫調節
ASCs具有調節固有免疫系統的能力,它們沒有HLA-2類分子,比其他細胞免疫原性低。在同種異體造血組織移植小鼠中,將ASCs灌注到移植的造血組織中,成功地治愈了移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)[35]。關于人類的一些研究已經表明,將不相關的ASCs注入到受體中,ASCs具有抑制對供體細胞的免疫應答作用。這個結論不僅適用于造血移植物[36],還適用于實體器官移植[37-38](比如肝臟)。免疫調節效果很可能是T細胞依賴的效果,因為體內體外實驗都表明,ASCs能夠抑制活化T細胞的增殖活性[39-40]。即使是分化為其他細胞類型,比如骨細胞,體外實驗也發現能有免疫下調的作用[41]。
7潛在的威脅
任何一項新技術應用到臨床之前,都需要詳細地評估使用的安全性和可靠性。就ASCs而言,來源的多樣性可能對治療結果的均一性產生影響,使得對臨床研究的結果不好分析和闡述。首先,ASCs在每個供體都不一樣。性別不同也有區別[42],最終導致分化的不同。研究表明,男性的ASCs更易分化成骨些,女性則是更易成脂。其他研究結果也表明,不同患者之間的成脂分化結果也是不同的[43]。年齡的增長也導致ASCs細胞群體的多樣性,并且分化與增殖能力與年齡成反比例[44-45]。其次,ASCs提取時也存在差異,通過脂肪組織的直接切除可能與抽脂術不一樣。另外,取材部位不一樣,獲得的細胞數量也不一樣[46]。
增殖和分化能力的不一致可能影響ASCs的臨床應用,而且它的免疫抑制效果可能需要進一步的監測和警惕。因為BMSCs會向受傷部位募集并進展成組織化生和癌癥[47],而且能促進腫瘤生長[48],同為間充質來源的ASCs也能向受傷部位趨化,所以也有可能對局部腫瘤形成起到促進作用。
8結語及展望
總之,ASCs來源豐富,可進行自體移植,無免疫排斥反應,而且取材簡便,不會像抽取骨髓那樣,對患者造血系統與免疫系統造成一定損傷,是一類具有促進組織修復和替代特性的細胞。隨著關于ASCs的研究不斷深入,在研究臨床應用的同時,要注意其潛在的危險性,相信ASCs的臨床應用前景將會越來越好。
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[收稿日期]2010-11-29 [修回日期]2011-02-11
編輯/李陽利