初中英語(yǔ)條件和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的用法淺析

摘 要:近年來，中高考英語(yǔ)考試中常碰到狀語(yǔ)從句方面的考題，有相當(dāng)一部分學(xué)生搞不清，出現(xiàn)這樣或那樣的錯(cuò)誤。比如，有的同學(xué)根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)表面的意思，對(duì)句子的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤的判斷。e.g.如果明天下雨的話，我就呆在家里。這句話根據(jù)表面的意思，好多同學(xué)一看到明天句子用將來時(shí)，就寫出這樣錯(cuò)誤的句子If it will rain tomorrow，I will stay at home.如果該同學(xué)英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句有所了解的話，就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)類似的錯(cuò)誤。而初中及高中教材對(duì)此語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象也沒有系統(tǒng)的講解，因此我想就此話題闡述一下自己的看法。也許對(duì)同學(xué)們今后的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。

關(guān)鍵詞:狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句

中圖分類號(hào):G632文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1674-098X(2011)01(a)-0187-01

1 英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句的概念

英語(yǔ)文章是由一個(gè)個(gè)句子組成。而句子根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要分為簡(jiǎn)單句和復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句是由主句和從句兩部分組成。從句作主句的狀語(yǔ)，作狀語(yǔ)的句子就叫狀語(yǔ)從句。作什么樣的狀語(yǔ)就叫什么類型的狀語(yǔ)從句。比如:作條件狀語(yǔ)的句子就是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，作原因狀語(yǔ)的句子叫原因狀語(yǔ)從句，依此類推。

2 英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句的類型

狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)從句的成分及作用可分為:條件狀語(yǔ)從句、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句等。本文主要就條件狀語(yǔ)從句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行分析。

2.1 If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句

條件狀語(yǔ)從句從內(nèi)容上看，根據(jù)所述內(nèi)容是否是事實(shí)或有否可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，有真實(shí)條件句(有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情)與非真實(shí)條件句(條件與事實(shí)相反或者在說話者看來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情)之分。

真實(shí)條件句(real if-conditionals)用于表述一個(gè)不受時(shí)空條件及人的主觀意志限制的科學(xué)事實(shí)或個(gè)人習(xí)慣，表示某事物規(guī)律性地重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或可以預(yù)料是自然而然出現(xiàn)的。該主句從句一般都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。表示過去習(xí)慣時(shí)，主句從句都用過去時(shí)態(tài)表示科學(xué)事實(shí)時(shí)，主句可用將來時(shí)will，與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)形式相比，意思差別不大。例如:

If we cool water，it freezes at 0℃.

If you mix oil with water，it floats/will float.

非真實(shí)條件句(unreal if-conditionals)表示個(gè)人主觀假想與客觀事實(shí)恰好相反，是本人的主觀臆斷，通過虛擬的語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)出來，表示本人無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。主句一般用一般過去時(shí)從句用過去將來時(shí)。例如:

If I were you，I would marry him.

If I were a millionaire，I would give all the money to the poor.If I knew him，I would not make such a mistake.

除了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句外，還有unless(除非)，so(as) long as(只要)，on condition that(如果)，so(as) far as(據(jù)我所知)，if only(要是…多好)(=if)等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:

You will fall behind unless you work harder than before.

You may watch the football match so long as you finish your homework.

So far as I know，he has been in China for three years.

You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far away from the river bank.

If only Tom had come a few minutes earlier，he could have seen her mother.

2.2 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的用法較為復(fù)雜，而且表示時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)較多，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的詞主要有when，before，after，until，as soon as，while等，其用法具體如下。

①when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”，表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或先后發(fā)生。例如:

I feel very happy when Tom comes to see me.

When the children cross the street， they must be careful.

when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，when的從句可以用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可以用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞。例如:

Father was cooking when I got home at six.

Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping.

I will visit my aunt when I have spare time.

My father worked for a bank when he was in America.

注:when也可以作并列連詞，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)詞正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，突然間發(fā)生了另外一件事。此時(shí)when一般放在句中，有“突然”或“這時(shí)”的意思。例如:

I was swimming in the swimming pool when someone called me.

We were watching TV at home when the lights went out.

②until/till引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“直到……時(shí)”，表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前。當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)(如stay，wait.work等)，主句常用肯定形式，意思是“一直…”，這時(shí)until可用till替換;當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)(如go to bed， get home，finish等)，從句常用否定形式，not...until...意為“直到……才……”，這時(shí)的until可以用before 來替換。例如:

I'll stay with you until /till your mother comes back.

He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.

He didn't go to bed before he finished his homework.

③before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“在……之前”，表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前。例如:

We cleaned the classroom before we left school yesterday.

He had been a seller before he went to college.

④after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“在……之后”，表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之后。例如:

After you use paper bags， you mustn't throw them about.

He went home after he had finished his work.

說明:若主句和從句兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序十分接近，也可以不用完成時(shí)態(tài)，例如上面的第二句可改成:He went home after he finished his work.

⑤since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“自從……”，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句常用一般過去時(shí)。例如:

We have learned many English words since we began to learn English.

We haven't seen each other since we left China.

說明:有時(shí)上面的句子還可以改用下面的句型:It is +時(shí)間段+since從句譯為:自從……有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。例如:

It is six years since she left China.

除此以外，還有as soon as(意為“一……就……”)，while(“與……同時(shí)，在……期間”)等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這里就不再一一列舉了。