對傣族關門節和開門節節日文化的理解和翻譯

［摘要］傣族文化具其獨特的文化內涵，隨著旅游產業化的發展，引起了廣大旅游者的興趣。本文主要介紹了云南傣族關門節和開門節節日文化的豐富內涵，并對相關文獻加以翻譯，以期促進云南省民族旅游文化的發展。

［關鍵詞］傣族；關門節；開門節

［中圖分類號］K892 ［文獻標識碼］A ［文章編號］1005-3115（2011）02-0058-02

一、對關門節和開門節宗教文化的理解

關門節和開門節是信仰小乘佛教的傣族、布朗族、阿昌族、德昂族等少數民族的宗教節日。傣族的關門節和開門節典型、更有代表性，具有濃郁的宗教色彩。關門節傣語稱“毫瓦薩”，意為進入傳授佛法的時期，定于傣歷九月十五日（農歷六月中旬），歷時三個月的傳授佛法結束的那一天（即傣歷十二月二十五日）便是開門節。開門節傣語稱“奧瓦薩”，意為走出傳授佛法時期。

一般認為，關門節和開門節源于古代印度佛教雨季安居的習慣，三個月的關門被視為信眾的安居戒齋期。關門節那天，傣家村寨充滿了節日的氣氛。一大早，家家戶戶都忙著做彩色糯米飯和糕點，備辦豐宴酒席。

二、 對開門節和關門節民族文化的理解

節日是全世界不同民族文化中的一個重要組成部分，按薩摩維爾的說法，文化是千百年來民族群體世世代代積累起來的知識、經驗、信念、價值、活動、觀點、理解、等級、宗教、節令、責任、關系、自然觀、藝術等的總和，自然也包括歷史、地理、政治制度、人物、文學藝術、服飾、飲食、習俗、禮儀、器具、建筑等。

傣族在中國分布雖然較少，主要集中在西雙版納州、德宏州，紅河州及寧耳地區也有分布。傣族的節日文化對旅游產業的發展影響很大，主要節日有潑水節、送龍節、開門節、關門節等。阿昌族、布朗族也過潑水節和關門節。

三、對關門節和開門節節日文化的理解

傣族有這樣的說法：每年傣歷九月時，佛就前往西天與其母講經，三個月才能重返人間。有一次，正當佛到西天講經之時，佛徒數千人到鄉下去傳教，踏壞了百姓的莊稼，耽誤他們的生產，百姓怨聲載道，對佛徒十分不滿。佛得知此事后，內心感到不安。從此以后，每遇佛到西天講經時，便把佛徒都集中起來，規定在這三個月內不許到任何地方去，只能懺悔，以贖前罪。故人們稱之為“關門節”。

關門節后，也就進入農事繁忙季節，人們為了集中精力從事生產勞動，定下許多戒規，直到三個月后，即開門節時，人們才恢復關門節前的一切正常活動。事實上關門節和開門節屬農事活動節日，兩個節日的相距時間較長。

四、 對關門節和開門節節日的翻譯

關門節傣語叫“豪瓦薩”，是傣族等民族的傳統節日，時間在傣歷九月十五日（農歷六月中）。節日來源于古印度佛教雨季安居的習慣，類似中原佛教的“結夏”。從關門節這天開始到開門節結束的三個月時間，為小乘佛教的安居齋戒期。這段時間，憎侶去佛寺凈居修學，接收供養，禁止外出巡游。傣族多信佛教，民間信徒也常去佛寺靜坐參佛，聽佛爺講經傳法，每隔一周用食物、鮮花、臘條、銀幣或紙幣敬佛一次。從關門節開始，傣家人關上愛情和婚姻之門，全力投人生產勞動，準備用辛勤的汗水去換取全年主要農作物的豐收。

此段可翻譯為：

The Close-Door Festival，also called “Haowasha” in Dai language，is one of the traditional festivals for the Dai ethnic nationality. It takes place on September 15th of the Dai calendar (the second ten days in June of lunar year). The festival is originated from the nestle habit in the raining season in ancient Indian Buddhism similar to “summer rest” in China Buddhism. The festival may last for three months starting from the Close-Door Festival to the Open-Door Festival. It is the nestling fast period for the Hinayana Buddhism. During this period， the Buddhist monks are not allowed to go outing cruise but remain at the temples residing，studying and receiving fostering. Since many Dai ethnic minority people believe Buddhism，the civil followers also often go to the Buddhist temples to receive a silent sitting-in，visit the Buddha and listen to the teaching of the Buddhist lords. Every the other week they may respect the Buddha with food，fresh flowers，candles，silver papers or some paper money. Starting from the Close-Door Festival， the Dai families may close their “doors” from doing any love affairs and marriages but dedicate in their labor work， prepare to use all their strength and industrious sweat for a bumper harvest for the main farm crops of the whole year.

在關門節的三個月期間，民眾到佛寺里聽高僧講經是一項主要活動。高僧講授的內容少不了成佛者的故事，并以此來教化眾生立志成佛。從關門節至開門節的三個月期間，傣家人不舉行婚禮，不建蓋新房，不出遠門，要集中精力從事生產，定期到佛寺拜佛、賧佛，虔誠信佛的長者，自覺戒齋，穿白衣服，包白布頭巾，有的還到寺內住宿，每隔七天舉行一次拜佛活動。屆時，信眾們帶上食物、蠟條供祭佛祖，聆聽寺內高僧頌經，講解教規、戒律、佛經故事。還要舉行一次稱為“賧坦”（獻經書）的重大活動。三個月的關門節日期屆滿，即傣歷十二月十五日，便舉行開門節慶祝活動。信眾們像參加關門節慶祝活動一樣，帶上紙花、蠟條、花樹、食物、錢幣來到佛寺，舉行隆重的賧佛和頌經活動。

此段可翻譯為：

During the three-month-festival period，one of the very important activities is for people to go to the Buddhist temple listening to the honored monk masters teaching the Buddhist scripture. The content of the renowned monk master’s talk never lacks of the Buddha stories in order to courage the myriad living beings to become Buddha with their resolutions. Furthermore， during the three-month-festival period， people are not allowed to hold any wedding ceremony， neither constructing a building of a new house nor traveling outside， but concentrating in their production， going to the Buddhist temple to worship and donating the Buddha faithfully. The elders who devoted in believing in Buddhism should quit fast， wear their white clothes，and wrap plain white turbans. Some of them may also go to the temple for accommodation. The Buddha-worshipping activities are held once every seven days. By the time the believers sacrifice some food and wax to worship the ancestry Buddha，and listen to the senior monks chanting Buddhist scripture and explaining the religious doctrines and the stories of the Buddhist scripture. Still an important activity called “donation” (dedication of classics) is also held. When the three-month-period of the Closed-Door Festival goes to the end on December 15th of Dai calendar，the Open-Door activities are celebrated accordingly. Just like what they celebrated in the Closed-Door Festival，the believers take paper flowers，candles，sacrificed food and paper money to the Buddhist temples for holding the solemn and impressive activities of donation and chanting Buddhist scripture.

開門節傣語叫“奧瓦薩”，是傣族等民族的傳統節日，時間在傣歷十二月十五日（約在農歷九月中）。 開門節象征著三個月以來的雨季已經結束，表示解除關門節以來男女間的婚忌，即日起，男女青年可以開始自由戀愛或舉行婚禮。節日這天，男女青年身著盛裝去佛寺拜佛，以食物、鮮花、臘條、錢幣敬獻。祭獻完畢，舉行盛大的文娛集會，慶祝從關門節以來的安居齋戒結束。主要內容有燃放火花和高升、點孔明燈、唱歌跳舞。青年們還將舉著畫有著各種鳥、獸、魚、蟲等形狀的燈籠環游村寨。這時，正逢稻谷收割完畢，故也是慶祝豐收的節日。

此段可翻譯為：

The Dai Open-Door Festival，a traditional festival for the Dai nationality，also called “Aowasha” in Dai language， takes place on December 15th in the Dai calendar (the second ten days in lunar September). The Open-Door Festival symbolizes the end of the three month raining season，and the end of the three-month forbidden days for love affairs and marriages since the Close-Door Festival. From the Open-Door festival the young men and women can start their love affairs or hold a wedding. During the Festival， the young men and the young women dressed in their beautiful clothes go to the Buddhist temples to pay respects to the Buddha，and dedicate the Buddha with some sacrificial food，fresh flowers，candles，silver papers and paper money. After the sacrificial rites are done， the grand performances are held for celebration the end of the nestling fast since the Close-Door Festival. The main contents are displaying firecrackers，sending the Kongming lanterns， singing and dancing. The youth will also dance around the villages holding lanterns formed in various shapes，such as birds，animals，fish and insects etc. Bumper harvest is also celebrated since it is just the season for rice harvest.

五、 結語

傣族是一個歷史悠久的民族，傣族是一個進步的民族，崇尚文明禮貌，民族性格溫和。關門節和開門節是傣族的傳統節日，具有典型的代表性和濃郁的宗教色彩。只有充分理解了這兩個節日的文化內涵，才能準確翻譯相關文獻。