摘要:本文運用會話分析中的話輪交替模式來分析Alexandre Dumas fils的劇本《茶花女》第九章的一段對話,展示戲劇中人物性格。本文中具體分析話輪交替機制主要包括的三個方面,即話輪分配、話輪分布和話輪序列。
關鍵詞:會話分析 話輪交替 話輪分配 話輪分布 話輪序列
Abstract:This paper make an analysis on a dialogue in Chapter 9 of Alexandre Dumas fils's Lady of the Camellias by using the turn-taking mechanism of conversation analysis, which an help understand characterization in a drama. Specific aspects of turn-taking examined in this paper include turn allocation, turn distribution and turn length, and turn sequences.
Key words:turn-taking, turn allocation, turn distribution, and turn sequences
一、相關概念
話輪(turn)是Sack等提出的理論概念,Edmondson,W.(1981)用這個術語來表示兩個方面的意義:一是指在會話過程中的某一時刻稱為說話者的機會;二是指一個人作為講話者時所說的話。在劉虹的《會話結構分析》提出了兩個衡量話輪的標準:一是,說話者是否連續,即在一個語法語義完成序列的末尾有無沉默。如有沉默,那么說話者的話就不止一個話輪。二是,是否發生了說話者和聽話者的角色互換。如果發生,就標志著一個話輪的結束和下一個話輪的開始。
話輪分配(turn allocation)指的是說話者機會的分配。Sack認為,話輪交替可以通過兩種方式實現。第一種方式是正在說話者選擇下一個說話者;第二種方式是下一個說話者自我選擇獲得發言權。說話者機會的分配以及說話的長短取決于說話者與聽者在話輪交替模式,由此產生了話輪分布(turn distribution)。話輪序列(turn sequences)是指會話中形成的話輪之間前后呼應的序列關系。
二、《茶花女》文本分析
2.1文本選取
《茶花女》是著名法國作家Alexandre Dumas fils寫于20世紀的小說。我們將選取其中第九章的一段對話進行分析,對話中出現5個人物:Marguerite, 她的情人Armand, 她的仰慕者Count, 以及Gaston 和Prudence。最后兩者在對話中明顯不重要。
T1Marguerite: Good evening, my dear Gaston, I'm so glad to see you.Why didn't you come to my box at the Varietes?'
T2Gaston: I was afraid of being indiscreet.
T3Marguerite: Friends, friends can never be indiscreet.
T4Gaston: In that case, allow me to present Monsieur Armand Duval!
T5Marguerite: I've already given Prudence leave to do so.
T6Armand: I should perhaps say, madam, I have already had the honor of being introduced to you. I am grateful that you have forgotten that first meeting, for I behaved quite ridiculously and must surely have seemed very tiresome to you.It was two years ago, at the Opera-Comique; I was with Ernest de…
T7Marguerite: Ah! Now I remember! It wasn't that you were ridiculous, but I who was a tease.As I still am rather, though less so nowadays.Have you forgiven me? It's true. The fact is that I have this awful habit of wanting to embarrass people I see for the first time.It's very silly.My doctor says it's because I am highlystrung and always unwell:you must take my doctor's word for it.
T8Armand: But you look extremely well.
T9Marguerite: Oh! I've been very ill.
T10 Armand: I know.
T11 Marguerite: Who told you?
T12 Armand: Everyone knew.I often used to come to find out how you were, and I was very happy to learn of your convalescence.
T13 Marguerite: No one ever brought me your card.
T14 Armand: I never left one.
T15 Marguerite: Are you the young man who called every day to ask after me all the time I was ill, and would never leave his name?
T16 Armand: I am.
T17 Marguerite: Then you are more than kind, you are generous.You, Count, would never have done that.
T18 Count: I have known you for only two months.
T19 Marguerite: And this gentleman has known me for only five minutes. You always give the silliest answers.
T20 Armand: You were playing something when we arrived. Won't you give me the pleasure of treating me like an old friend, and continue?
T21 Marguerite: Oh! Gaston knows exactly what my playing is like.It's all very well when I'm alone with the Count, but I shouldn't wish to put you through such torture.
T22 Count: So you do favour me in this respect?
T23 Marguerite: You are quite wrong to reproach me for doing so.It's the only time I ever favour you in anything. Tell me, Prudence, did you do what I asked?
T24 Prudence: Yes.
T25 Marguerite: Good, you shall tell me all about it later.We have things to talk about, so you mustn't go until I've spoken to you.
T26 Armand: I think we are intruding, and now that we — or rather I — have managed a second introduction to expunge the memory of the first, Gaston and I will withdraw.
T27 Marguerite: I won't hear of it; what I said wasn't intended for you.On the contrary, I'd like you to stay.
T28 Count: Time I was going to the club. (Marguerite did not reply to this.) Good-bye, madam.
T29 Marguerite: Good-bye, my dear Count, must you go so soon?
T30 Count: Yes. I fear I bore you.
T31 Marguerite: You do not bore me today more than any other day.When shall we see you again?
T32 Count: Whenever you permit.
T33 Marguerite: Good-bye, then!
2.2話輪分配
Marguerite不斷地通過提問的形式來選擇下一個說話者。在這段文本里,她三次選擇Armand(T11,T13,T15),三次選擇Count(T17,T29,T31),一次選擇Gaston(T1),一w選擇Prudence(T23)。如果我們把這些數字與 Marguerite在這段文本里的話輪總數相比,就會發現在17個話輪里,她 8次選擇了下一個說話人。這個相當高的比例說明Marguerite是會話中最主動的參與者。Armand在被選擇的時候總是接過話頭的,不過他的回應往往非常短,而且他也從不選擇下一個說話人。這可能會使他在會話中顯得比較消極。然而,他僅僅是在回應時是消極的,一旦他覺得有必要時,他會以提出請求的形式,自我選擇奪得發言權。他多次自我選擇(T6,T20,T26)以吸引Marguerite的注意力。真正消極的Count,他只有在被選擇的時候才開口說話,他的唯一一次插話(T28)沒有得到任何回應。這樣就形成了三個人物各具特點的局面:Marguerite不斷選擇下一個說話者,Armand經常自我選擇,Count既不選擇下一個說話者,也極少自我選擇。
2.3話輪分布與話輪長度
從文本中不難看出,話輪分布是極不平衡的。Count所占有的話輪數為5,不足總數33的六分之一,而Marguerite的話輪數為17,占去了總數的一半。然而,控制話語分配權除了依靠話輪數以為還受話輪長度控制。Marguerite的話輪長度為333詞,Armand和Count的話輪長度分別為140詞和34詞。Marguerite控制發言權的時間顯然比Armand和Count兩個人物都要長得多。Armand和Count的平均話輪長度少于話輪總長度524詞的三分之一,而Marguerite的話輪長度卻超出總長度的一半。這說明,Marguerite由于其所占有的話輪在數量和話輪長度的優勢而處于中心地位。此外,Armand和Count的說話對象都是Marguerite,而他們兩人之間卻并沒有直接對話,所以Marguerite是對話的中心。對話中還有一次打斷(T7),Marguerite打斷了Armand,其他人總是等待話輪轉換。
2.4話輪序列
由于Marguerite總是通過提問來選擇其他說話人,而Armand通過自我選擇的方式是提出請求,我們可以通過分析文本中提問和請求的相鄰關系來展示這段文本中話輪序列的特點。
Marguerite的問題總能得到預期的回答(T1,T2,T11,T12,13,T14,T15,T16,T23,T24,T29,T30,T31,T32)。雖然Armand的問題能夠得到回答,但他的自我介紹曾被Marguerite打斷(T7)。而Count的情況甚至更糟。由T28可見,Count的本意是想吸引Marguerite的注意然后開始一個新的相鄰關系。也就是說,按照話輪序列,他沒有得到預期的回答。
以上分析表明,在這段對話中,話輪的序列關系往往被打破,使對話難以按照Armand和Count的意愿順利和諧地展開。
三、結論
Marguerite慣用的會話方式顯示出她是一個比較以自我為中心的人。幸好,其他人都想繼續和她的談話。所以Marguerite不斷地選擇下一個說話者,而且她運用話輪轉換,不但控制著誰接替話輪,還在某種程度上支配著下一個說話者在應對時是被選擇還是自我選擇。此外,只有Marguerite 打斷了他人的發言。這可以證明Marguerite是一個比較有控制欲的人。雖然Armand總在被選擇的時候才接過話頭的而且他的回應往往非常短,但他能通過自我選擇成為下一個說話者來吸引Marguerite的注意。而這種舉動也得到了Marguerite的回應,這說明在首次正式介紹后Marguerite 對他留下了很好的印象。而Marguerite對Count的忽視則說明在她心中他是并不重要。
本文運用會話分析中的話輪交替模式來分析Alexandre Dumas fils的劇本《茶花女》第九章的一段對話,展示戲劇中人物性格。這說明在戲劇文本中運用話語分析模式能夠幫助讀者解讀戲劇文本中的人物性格。
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