賓語從句的用法

劉 華

在主、從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語的從句叫作賓語從句。賓語從句是初中英語教材中的重點(diǎn)語法之一，同時(shí)也是各地中考的命題熱點(diǎn)之一。要學(xué)好賓語從句，掌握以下幾點(diǎn)是關(guān)鍵：

一、賓語從句的語序

無論是表示陳述還是表示疑問，賓語從句都要使用陳述句語序，即主語在前，謂語在后。例如：

He said that he had left his watch at home. 他說他把手表忘在家里了。

The teacher asked me what I was going to do this evening. 老師問我今天晚上準(zhǔn)備干什么。

They asked me where I came from. 他們問我是從哪里來的。

She wanted to know which shop offered the best service.

她想知道哪家商店提供的服務(wù)最好。

I dont know if he lives here. 我不知道他是否住在這里。

二、賓語從句連接詞的選用

賓語從句的連接詞可分為三類：

1． 連詞that。that本身無意義，只起連接作用，在句中不作任何成分，在口語或非正式文體中，that常被省略。例如：

They promised (that) they would do their best. 他們答應(yīng)他們將盡最大努力。

The manager said (that) he didnt like my work. 經(jīng)理說他不喜歡我的工作。

He told me (that) the firm could not pay such large salaries.

他告訴我公司付不起如此巨額的工資。

I am sure (that) it will be fine tomorrow. 我肯定明天是晴天。

2. 連詞if和whether。if 和whether意為“是否”，在從句中只起連接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如：

I dont know if/whether they will come tomorrow. 我不知道他們明天來不來。

Please make sure if/whether there is a flight leaving for Shanghai.

請弄清楚是否有飛往上海的航班。

He asked me if/whether I had seen the film. 他問我是否看過這部影片。

Do you care if/whether you win or not? 你對自己是否會(huì)贏很介意嗎？

if 和whether一般情況下可互換，但在介詞后，與不定式或or not連用時(shí)多用whether而不用if。例如：

It depends on whether we have enough money. 那要看我們是否有足夠的錢。

Im not interested in whether shell come or not. 她來不來，我不感興趣。

I dont know whether or not it is right to do so. 我不知道這樣做是否正確。

Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能告訴我是去還是留？

3. 連接代詞who, whom, whose, which, what和連接副詞when, where, how, why等。連接代詞或連接副詞在從句的前面，起連接主句和從句的作用，從句用陳述語序。它們在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，并保留原來的詞義。例如：

Do you know who won the first prize? 你知道誰得了一等獎(jiǎng)？

Do you know whom she is waiting for? 你知道她在等誰？

Please tell me whose book this is. 請告訴我這是誰的書。

Please tell me which book I should read first. 請告訴我首先應(yīng)看哪一本書。

He wanted to know what had happened. 他想知道發(fā)生了什么事。

We cant remember when the building was built. 我們不記得這幢樓是什么時(shí)候建造的。

Do you know where the nearest post office is? 你知道最近的郵電局在哪里嗎？

I dont know why he was absent from school. 我不知道他為什么沒有來上學(xué)。

We have learned how an automatic production line is formed.

我們已經(jīng)知道自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線是如何形成的。

三、賓語從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)

賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)必須與主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，通常有以下幾種情況：

1． 主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)或祈使句時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)具體情況使用任何一種時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

She says she often goes there on foot.

She says she will go there tomorrow.

She says she went there yesterday.

She says she has been there twice.

2. 當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去時(shí)態(tài)的某種形式，如過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)或過去將來時(shí)。例如：

She said she went there.

She said she had been there twice.

She said she would go there.

但如果賓語從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、真理等時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的限制，仍使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：

The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

老師告訴我們光的傳播速度比聲音快。

The teacher told the students that the earth is round. 老師告訴學(xué)生們地球是圓的。

The teacher said that China lies in Asia. 老師說中國位于亞洲。

The science teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.

科學(xué)老師告訴我們地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。