書面表達的開頭和結尾

孟憲云

文章的開頭和結尾是文章的重要組成部分。他們的好壞影響了全文的大局,也是評卷者評分的重要依據。因此,文章的開頭要引人入勝,起到令人一見傾心的作用。同時,要起到承上啟下的作用,順理成章地引出下文。文章的結尾多是總結性的語句,它對前文高度概括,使文章前后呼應,大大增強了文章的邏輯性。

在英語訓練中,常識性的慣用語句,不但可以增添句子表達的準確性,減少不必要的錯誤,還可以提高書面表達的檔次。筆者依據文章的類型不同,歸納總結如下:

一、交流性的文章以溝通為目的,以語言委婉為基礎。既要考慮對方的需求,也要說出自己的需求。舉例如下:

(1) 寫信。 開頭:I am glad to hear from you./How are you getting along with your study?/ I really do not know how to thank you for your...

結尾:I am looking forward to your reply./Remember me to your parents.

(2) 通知。 開頭:Attention please./May I make an announcement here?

結尾:Dont forget the time and the address./I am sure you will have a lot of fun.

(3) 求職。 開頭: I am writing to apply for the po?鄄sition as an English teacher that you recentlyadvertised in China Daily./I think my major particularly matches your requirements of the post.

結尾: In a word, I am confident that I qualify for the post./If I were favored with an interview, I would be graceful./Please contact me as soon as possible.

二、介紹性的文章以交代人物、地點、事件等為根本,給讀者總體印象,要簡單概括,不必一一展開。很多開頭用一句復雜句式,結尾多是以充滿希望和感情色彩的句子。舉例如下:

(1)人物。 開頭:Teacher Wang is 50 years old, a kind man, with a pair of glasses on his nose.

結尾:Teacher Wang is such a man that can not be forgotten forever.

(2)地點。 開頭:Let me tell you something about your first destination. /It is a middle size city,200 kilome?鄄ters away from Xi,an,with a population of 100,000.

結尾:There are also many places of interest here./Enjoy yourself to the full.

(3)事件。 開頭: May 12th is not an ordinary day in 2008,it is on this day that shocking earthquakehappened in SiEhuan.

結尾:With the help of such a large love,we will over?鄄comethe damage of the earthquake and face our beautiful future!

三、議論性的文章大致分為三種。一種是就題論題,作者對提出的觀點做適當的論述。找出論據支持已提出的論點。第二種是提出正反方面的利弊,對它們各做陳述,或支持其中的一個方面。第三種是提出問題,必須解決問題。舉例如下:

(1)議論。1 開頭: An investigation shows that.../ When it comes to.../People seems to fail to take into ac?鄄count that...

結尾: There is no denying fact that...

(2)議論。2 開頭:Whether or not advertisement has a good effect on us was discussed in our class. /More than half of the students think.../On the other hand,45% of us think...

結尾:I hold the view that.../From above,we can pre?鄄dict that...

(3)議論。3 開頭:It is known to us that.../As for us, they bring about some negative effects.

結尾: It is high time that we should take measures to solve this problem./ In order to get rid of the bad effects, a strict discipline should be carried out.Meanwhile, whoever neglects it will be punished.

四、圖表性的文章以介紹方位和對比數據變化為主。主要目的是說清楚地理位置和讓讀者明白前后變化的 情況,不可給人條理不清,一塌糊涂的感覺。而其他的圖表文章多能轉化為記敘文和說明議論文。舉例如下:

(1)方位。開頭:The school is across the street. On the right stands a booth.

結尾:It is surrounded by flowers and trees. It is more of a garden than a school.

(2)圖表。 開頭:From the picture, we can see that in 2005,the number is 200,000.In 2006,there is 3% higher than2005.What is more,In 2007,the number is twice as large as 2005. /As its shown in the chart that.../Compared to 2005,the number increased by 10%,reaching 40% in 2008,which doubles thatof 2005.

結尾: The data suggests that the number of the people is growing.

五、說明性的文章旨在說明一個問題,在英語書面表達中,說明性的文章多以工作、學習、體育和環境等方面為主, 開頭還可采用其他多種形式,如: 疑問句、諺語、名言、擺事實、舉例子等。舉例如下:

(1)工作。開頭:Why do people work with so much competition?

結尾:Chairman Mao once made a famous remark about competition.To battle with God isgreat fun.To battle with Earth is great fun.To battle with people is great fun.

(2)學習。開頭:Live and learn./No pains,no gains.

結尾:In short,knowledge comes from accumulation./Where there is a will, there is a way.

(3)體育。 開頭:I did a survey of how long we play sports on weekends.

結尾:So come and do exercise as soon as you can. /Doing exercise can strengthen my body and build my con?鄄fidence.

(4) 環境。 開頭:Nowdays, air pollution becomes a problem which can not be neglected.

結尾:Without clean air ,without healthy life. /We should do what we can to protect our living environment.

因為文章的類型多種多樣,文章的開頭和結尾也各有千秋。在英語寫作中,需要靈活多變。

參考文獻:

[1]步步高.延邊人民出版社.作文范文

[2]譯苑.怎樣寫好書面表達(www.yyen.com.cn)

[3]王中鋒,謝京敏.談獲得高分的高考英語書面表達特性.英語通

(責編 黃 曉)