著名的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Michael Hoey認(rèn)為,銜接在很大程度上是詞匯關(guān)系而非語(yǔ)法的產(chǎn)物,詞匯關(guān)系是唯一有系統(tǒng)地構(gòu)成多重關(guān)系的銜接方式,詞匯銜接是創(chuàng)造篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的重要手段。詞匯銜接中的詞匯關(guān)系有兩種:重述和搭配。其中詞匯重述在雅思閱讀文章中體現(xiàn)出的類(lèi)型包括:簡(jiǎn)單詞匯重復(fù)、復(fù)雜詞匯重復(fù)、簡(jiǎn)單釋義、復(fù)雜釋義等。詞匯重述既能表達(dá)篇章句子的關(guān)聯(lián)性,也具有強(qiáng)化篇章主題信息或局部細(xì)節(jié)信息的功能,通常與考點(diǎn)分布密切相連。本文擬就詞匯重述在雅思閱讀文章中的常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型及其對(duì)答題思路的啟發(fā)作初步探討。
雅思閱讀考點(diǎn)在文章中的分布看似無(wú)章可循,其實(shí)在命題上,雅思考試遵循著特定的語(yǔ)言學(xué)規(guī)律和原則,有其重點(diǎn)考查的方向和內(nèi)容。通過(guò)對(duì)雅思閱讀考點(diǎn)分布的總結(jié)分析,我們可以洞悉雅思閱讀重點(diǎn)考查的閱讀技能。雅思閱讀文章中較為常見(jiàn)的詞匯重復(fù)和詞匯釋義是文章要重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)的信息,因而往往與考點(diǎn)密切相關(guān)。考生在閱讀答題時(shí)必須高度關(guān)注此類(lèi)信息。
詞匯重復(fù)與考點(diǎn)分布
詞匯重復(fù)包括簡(jiǎn)單詞匯重復(fù)和復(fù)雜詞匯重復(fù)。所謂簡(jiǎn)單詞匯重復(fù),是指某個(gè)單詞(或短語(yǔ))在文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí),其形式變化不大于語(yǔ)法詞形變化表中的變化(如loaf和loaves)。這是最基本的重復(fù)形式。所謂復(fù)雜詞匯重復(fù),是指文章中的兩個(gè)單詞(或短語(yǔ))共有某個(gè)詞素但形式不同(如circulatory和circulation)。當(dāng)在特定的語(yǔ)境中對(duì)其中一個(gè)單詞進(jìn)行解釋時(shí),其釋義中包含另一個(gè)單詞,例如,circulatory system在其語(yǔ)境中的釋義為“the system of blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart concerned with the circulation of the blood and lymph”,circulatory和circulation之間即構(gòu)成復(fù)雜詞匯重復(fù)關(guān)系。在雅思閱讀文章中,詞匯重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的位置常常設(shè)有連續(xù)的考點(diǎn)。特別是文章中涉及序數(shù)詞、邏輯關(guān)系詞(主要是并列、遞進(jìn)、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)(語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)等的句式)以及態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)提示詞的信息區(qū)域,詞匯重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的頻率較高,如劍橋雅思真題中出現(xiàn)的the first question/the second question/question three/the fourth question/the final question等序數(shù)詞,以及should not be designed so that/be carefully designed so that等平行結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的詞匯重復(fù)處均設(shè)有連續(xù)考點(diǎn)。考生在尋讀定位答案時(shí)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注這一類(lèi)信息,充分利用“詞匯重復(fù)處設(shè)有考點(diǎn)”的命題規(guī)律來(lái)提高答題效率。
詞匯釋義包括簡(jiǎn)單釋義和復(fù)雜釋義。所謂簡(jiǎn)單釋義,是指一個(gè)單詞(或短語(yǔ))在語(yǔ)境中替代另一單詞(或短語(yǔ)),替代時(shí)另一單詞(或短語(yǔ))的意義不喪失也不增加,其特性也不發(fā)生明顯變化。詞匯的簡(jiǎn)單釋義關(guān)系在雅思文章中較為常見(jiàn),也通常與考點(diǎn)分布緊密相關(guān)。如劍橋雅思閱讀文章中出現(xiàn)的implications/suggest, be responsible for/due to, one possibility/another hypothesis, not very predictable/with only a small warning等具有簡(jiǎn)單釋義關(guān)系的成對(duì)詞(或短語(yǔ))均涉及考點(diǎn)。
所謂復(fù)雜釋義,是指對(duì)兩個(gè)沒(méi)有共同詞素的單詞(或短語(yǔ))下定義時(shí),一個(gè)單詞(或短語(yǔ))的定義包含另一個(gè)單詞(或短語(yǔ))。復(fù)雜釋義不僅具有強(qiáng)調(diào)主題和細(xì)節(jié)信息的功能,也往往可以使我們?cè)诖痤}時(shí)通過(guò)前后語(yǔ)意的互釋關(guān)系來(lái)分析和預(yù)判答案。下面筆者以一道含選項(xiàng)的摘要題(Summary, IELTS Practice Tests Plus, p61)為例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明:
Complete the summary of Reading Passage 1 using words from the box at the bottom of the page.
However, recent research has shown that a (11))____________ problem can be responsible for obesity as some people seem programmed to (12) ____________more than others.
List of words:

根據(jù)語(yǔ)意的連貫性,答案內(nèi)容應(yīng)與as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中的核心詞programmed有關(guān)。而選項(xiàng)中與programmed構(gòu)成語(yǔ)意關(guān)聯(lián)的詞只有g(shù)enetic,因?yàn)閮烧咧g可以存在類(lèi)似這樣一種較為明顯的復(fù)雜釋義關(guān)系:Genetics refers to the study of genes, which in the field, relates to biochemical programming.因此本題可以通過(guò)前后語(yǔ)意的復(fù)雜釋義關(guān)系來(lái)預(yù)判g(shù)enetic為正確答案。
復(fù)雜釋義關(guān)系還時(shí)常以反義詞的形式體現(xiàn)。有些反義詞并無(wú)共同的詞素,如hot/cold, dry/wet等。復(fù)雜釋義也包括這些成對(duì)詞項(xiàng),比如cold可釋義為 “far from hot”。雅思閱讀文章中出現(xiàn)的反義詞在很多情況下都是文章要強(qiáng)調(diào)的信息,基本上都會(huì)和考點(diǎn)相聯(lián)系,考生對(duì)此應(yīng)多加留意。例如以下這道選擇題(Multiple Choice, 劍5/Test 1/Q35),其答題技巧就是通過(guò)識(shí)別文中成對(duì)的反義詞,來(lái)把握文章傳遞的信息,從而快速確定正確答案。
Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organization arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.
What is the writer’s main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?
A. Some are more active than others.
B. Some are better organized than others.
C. Some receive more criticism than others.
D. Some support more important issues than others.
該語(yǔ)篇中涉及對(duì)游說(shuō)團(tuán)體(lobby groups)的觀點(diǎn)或看法(main point)的單詞有四個(gè),即:selfless (無(wú)私的), skepticism (懷疑態(tài)度), self-interested (利己的), altruistic (利他的)。在該語(yǔ)境中,selfless和skepticism不是一對(duì)反義詞但表示一種相反意義的概念,而self-interested和altruistic則是一對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的反義詞。這兩對(duì)詞所呈現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜釋義關(guān)系表明,文章要傳遞的主要信息是對(duì)不同游說(shuō)團(tuán)體的褒揚(yáng)或貶斥的態(tài)度。由此可以確定,與這一主題信息相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)C (有些游說(shuō)團(tuán)體會(huì)受到更多的批評(píng))為正確答案。
雅思閱讀文章的詞匯重述有多種不同的模式,對(duì)其的認(rèn)知、解讀有助于提高考生對(duì)文章主題和局部細(xì)節(jié)信息的理解把握能力。