摘 要:十七世紀玄學詩人約翰·鄧恩以愛情詩和宗教詩而享譽英國文壇,《死神莫驕傲》是鄧恩宗教詩歌作品中杰出的一首,該詩的遞進式說理結構、獨特的悖論語言賦予該詩獨特的藝術價值,其深厚的宗教情懷則召喚著廣闊的文化闡釋。
關鍵詞:死亡;遞進式說理結構;悖論;宗教情懷
[中圖分類號]I06
[文獻標識碼]A
[文章編號]1006-2831(2009)10-0154-3
Abstract: The 17th century metaphysical poet John Donne is celebrated for his love poems and religion poems in English literature. Death, be not proud is one of the most brilliant literary piece in Donne’s religion poems. Its argumentative structure and inimitable paradox all contribute greatly to the poem’s unique artistic value while its profound religion spirit invites a broad cultural explanation.
Key words: death, argumentative structure, paradox, religion spirit
1. 引言
約翰·鄧恩(1573-1631)是玄學派詩歌的創始人和主要代表人物,他的詩歌主要包括愛情詩、諷刺詩、格言詩、宗教詩以及布道文等。縱觀鄧恩一生,死亡如影隨形,對死亡的思考貫穿他生命的始終。膾炙人口的圣十四行詩《死神莫驕傲》集中體現了這位文學巨匠對死亡的極力解構與無情嘲諷,具有極高的藝術欣賞價值和可待挖掘的廣博文化內涵。
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those, whom thou think’st thou dost overthrow,
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure, then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul’s delivery.
Thou’rt slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well,
And better than thy stroke; why swell’st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And Death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.
2. 遞進式說理結構與悖論
該詩以語意的逐層遞進為特點,由三組四行詩和一個偶句組成。第一組四行詩以擬人的手法呼吁死神不要驕傲,(“Death, be not proud”)起句突兀,表達了對死神的嘲笑和蔑視,然后立刻指出死神不應驕傲的第一條理由:“For those, whom thou think’st thou dost overthrow, Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.”第二組四行詩指出死神無需驕傲的另一條理由:死亡不過是更安逸的休息、更甜美的睡眠,“Much pleasure, then from thee much more must flow,”人們都會爭著希望得到身體的休息,靈魂的解脫,“Rest of their bones, and soul’s delivery.”第三組四行詩嘲笑死神奴隸般的從屬地位:“Thou’rt slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,”并以罌粟和咒符來襯托死神的無能為力:“And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well, And better than thy stroke”既然這樣,你何必趾高氣揚呢?“why swell’st thou then?”這三組四行詩以不同的理由對死神威脅的解構確實已非同一般。然而,接下來的偶句并不放過對死……