摘 要:先行語的可及性是研究語篇銜接、照應的基礎。但可及性不是一成不變的,會受到各種因素的影響,距離、競爭、凸顯和一致是影響可及性的四個主要因素。多數學者認為距離是影響可及性的最主要因素,但實際上他們只注意到了先行語與指稱語之間的線性距離而忽視了邏輯距離。本文證明:距離并非總是影響最大的因素;對英漢兩種不同的語言來說,它對可及性的影響在漢語里要明顯大于在英語里。
關鍵詞:可及性;線性距離;邏輯距離
[中圖分類號]H030
[文獻標識碼]A
[文章編號]1006-2831(2009)10-0099-5
Abstract: The accessibility of antecedents, the basis for the study of textual connection and reference, is influenced by a variety of factors among which the distance, competition, saliency and unity are the main ones. Although many people believe , that the distance affects the accessibility the most, they just concentrate on the linear distance between antecedents and referential words while neglecting the logic distance. The paper provesthat the distance, not necessarily the most influential factor, obviously plays a more significant role in determining the accessibility in Chinese than in English.
Key words: accessibility, linear distance, logic distance
1. 前言
照應,尤其是人稱照應,是英語聯句成篇的最重要語義手段之一,例如:
(1)The children next door stole a toy from my son. Their mother told them to return the toy, but they said it was theirs.
隔壁的孩子們從我兒子那兒偷走了一個玩具。他們的母親告訴他們把玩具還回來,但孩子說玩具是他們的。(章振邦,1983:544)
如果將原本通順的句子中的下劃線人稱照應詞替換成它所指代的名詞,會發生什么樣的情況呢?
(2)*The children next door stole a toy from my son. The children’s mother told the children to return the toy, but they said it was the children’s。
隔壁的孩子們從我兒子那兒偷走了一個玩具。孩子的母親告訴孩子們把玩具還回來,*但他們說玩具是這些孩子們的。
句(2)可能是中國學生在英語寫作中常出現的句子。第一句和第二句里的名詞重復使得英文原句變得啰嗦冗贅,而第三句里的名詞重復則更加糟糕,使得整個句子出現了歧義:仿佛在談論某一群孩子們,而不是那些“從我兒子那兒偷玩具的”孩子們,從而使第三句與前兩句的內在語義聯系喪失殆盡。更值得注意的是,前兩句的名詞重復在中文里讀起來卻十分自然,甚至比使用人稱照應詞還要來得自然。……