摘 要:隨著中國(guó)成功加入世界貿(mào)易組織,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的重要性是不可忽視的,尤其是在英語(yǔ)合同的翻譯過(guò)程中。此文章就從英文合同的定義、結(jié)構(gòu)以及英文合同的詞語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)等方面加以論述。
關(guān)鍵詞:英文合同 翻譯 結(jié)構(gòu) 詞語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)
綜述:
在英文合同翻譯中,前提條件是弄懂合同的定義,包括合同中應(yīng)有的基本要素,下面就從合同的定義著手,并提出一些在英文合同翻譯中應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng),筆者對(duì)英文合同作了以下論述:
第一,英文合同的定義
1.在英文中,合同一般稱(chēng)為Contract或者Agreement。
1999年中國(guó)《合同法》第二條將contract定義為:A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根據(jù)這一定義,合同平等主體之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。
Steven H. Gifts編著的“Law Dictionary”中將contract 定義為“Contract is a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根據(jù)這一定義,合同是一種承諾,違反承諾可以得到法律救助,某種意義上法律將履行該承諾看作是一種補(bǔ)償。
2. 合同的成立必須具備幾個(gè)主要因素。
它們(要約和承諾構(gòu)成的)由協(xié)議、約因、設(shè)立法律關(guān)系的愿望和締約能力四大部分組成。
L.B Curzon編著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”
1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要約和絕對(duì)接受)
2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds)
3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同關(guān)系的意愿)
4. genuineness of consent (同意的真實(shí)性)
5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同當(dāng)事人的締約能力)
6. legality of object(標(biāo)的物的合法性)
7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)
8. certainty of terms(條款的確定性)
9. valuable consideration(等價(jià)有償)
第二,英文合同的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
合同類(lèi)法律文件用以規(guī)定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利與義務(wù),是預(yù)防與解決爭(zhēng)議的依據(jù)。合同英語(yǔ)行文縝密而準(zhǔn)確,歷史悠久,深含法律文化底蘊(yùn)。
中文的合同開(kāi)頭一般先羅列當(dāng)事人的名稱(chēng)、姓名、住所或營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所,然后是合同正文,結(jié)尾是當(dāng)事人印章、授權(quán)代表簽字、職務(wù)及簽字日期。而英語(yǔ)合同一般以下面這類(lèi)句式為開(kāi)頭:
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______(month),______(year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called “ Party A ”)and Party B(hereinafter called “ Party B ”)
然后是開(kāi)始陳述:
WHEREAS...THEREFORE
... It is hereby agreed as follows:
或以:
WITNESSETH, WHEREAS...
NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
接著是正文,最后是證明部分:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
隨后還包括當(dāng)事人和見(jiàn)證人的簽字。簽字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。
第三,英文合同翻譯的用詞特點(diǎn)(formal term)
合同英語(yǔ)的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專(zhuān)業(yè)化(professional)、正式(formal)、準(zhǔn)確(accurate)。具體體現(xiàn)在下列方面:
1. may,shall,must,may not(或shall not)的使用;may,shall, must,may not (或shall not)對(duì)學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)的人來(lái)說(shuō)再熟悉不過(guò)了,但在合同中用這些詞時(shí)要極其謹(jǐn)慎。
權(quán)利義務(wù)的約定部分構(gòu)成了合同的主體。這幾個(gè)詞如選用不當(dāng),可能會(huì)引起糾紛。
may旨在約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利(可以做什么),shall約定當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)(應(yīng)當(dāng)做什么時(shí)候),must用于強(qiáng)制性義務(wù)(必須做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性義務(wù)(不得做什么)。may do不能說(shuō)成can do,shall do,不能說(shuō)成should do或ought to do, may not do,在美國(guó)一些法律文件里可以用shall not,但絕不能用can not do或must not),例如,在約定解決爭(zhēng)議的途徑時(shí),可以說(shuō):
The parties here to shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall和may表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確。出現(xiàn)爭(zhēng)議后應(yīng)當(dāng)先行協(xié)商,所以采用了義務(wù)性“約定”,如果協(xié)商解決不了,作為當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利,用選擇性約定may也很妥當(dāng)。如果may和shall調(diào)換位置會(huì)怎么樣?前半句的shall換用may后,意思變成了當(dāng)事人可以通過(guò)協(xié)商解決,意思上說(shuō)得過(guò)去,但后半句的may換用shall后,變成了應(yīng)當(dāng)訴訟解決,好像一出事,就要先見(jiàn)官,這就有些不友好了。
本句可譯:雙方首先應(yīng)通過(guò)友好協(xié)商,解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關(guān)的爭(zhēng)議。如果協(xié)商未果,合同中又無(wú)仲裁條款約定或爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生后未就仲裁達(dá)成共識(shí)的,可將爭(zhēng)議提交給有管轄權(quán)的人民法院解決。
2.正式用語(yǔ)(formal term)
合同英語(yǔ)有著嚴(yán)肅的風(fēng)格,與其它英語(yǔ)作品有著很大不同之處。
例如:
“因?yàn)椤钡亩陶Z(yǔ)多用“by virtue of ”,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于“due to”,一般不用“because of ”;
“財(cái)務(wù)年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;
“關(guān)于”常用“as regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不會(huì)用“about”;
“事實(shí)上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;
“開(kāi)始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;
“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;
“何時(shí)開(kāi)會(huì)并由某某主持”的表述為:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.
“其他事項(xiàng)”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“other matters/events”;
“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;
“認(rèn)為”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;
3.用詞專(zhuān)業(yè)(technical terms)
合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉(zhuǎn)移,它是合同語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)的保障。如合同出現(xiàn)的“瑕疵”、“救濟(jì)”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、“滅失”等就可能讓非行業(yè)人士費(fèi)解,用以上英語(yǔ)表達(dá)分別為defect,remedy,force majeure /Act of God,jurisdiction,damage and/or loss。另外幾乎每個(gè)合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ,such... as ,whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虛詞,就其中幾個(gè)細(xì)說(shuō):
比如:
1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意,即特此,因此,茲等意。常用于法律文件、合同協(xié)議的正式文件的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ),在條款中需要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可用。舉原文說(shuō)明,如:The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中:
★hereby意為 by reason of this,特此的意思。
★ therein意為in the Works在本工程中。
★ such...as是關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于that, which,把要限定的詞置于such與as之間使要限定的名詞十分明確,避免合同雙方在理解上發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議。
其它的還有:
“賠償”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”
“不動(dòng)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”
“房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“財(cái)產(chǎn)出租”用“l(fā)ease of property”
“停業(yè)”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名詞是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”。
還款或?qū)@暾?qǐng)的“寬限期”英文為“grace”,
“當(dāng)事人在破產(chǎn)中的和解”用“composition”
“依照合同相關(guān)規(guī)定”一般說(shuō)成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不說(shuō)成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。
“合同任何一方當(dāng)事人不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本合同”英文表述為“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,選用“Neither party to the contract”較少。
4.同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞的序列
FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to _____all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____, 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____,a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和杜絕漏洞的考慮,有的也屬于合同用語(yǔ)的固定模式。如:
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關(guān)詞并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三組同義司和近義詞并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 這里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一個(gè)意思,都表示“依照本協(xié)議的條款規(guī)定”。合同條款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如:“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”的意思幾乎相同。
并列的詞還有:
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges, fees, costs and expenses
any and all
any duties, obligations or liabilities
the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns
第四,英文合同翻譯中的注意事項(xiàng)
實(shí)踐證明,英文合同中容易出現(xiàn)差錯(cuò)的地方,一般來(lái)說(shuō)不是大的陳述性條款,而恰恰是一些關(guān)鍵的細(xì)目。比如:金錢(qián)、時(shí)間、數(shù)量等。為了避免出差錯(cuò),在英譯合同時(shí),常常使用一些有限定作用的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)界定細(xì)目所指定的確切范圍。
A. 限定責(zé)任 眾所周知,合同中要明確規(guī)定雙方的責(zé)任。為英譯出雙方責(zé)任的權(quán)限與范圍,常常使用連詞和介詞的固定結(jié)構(gòu)。現(xiàn)把最常用的此類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)舉例說(shuō)明如下。
1.1 and/or常用 and/or 英譯合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的內(nèi)容,這樣就可避免漏譯其中的一部分。
例1:如果上述貨物對(duì)船舶和(或)船上其它貨物造成任何損害,托運(yùn)人應(yīng)負(fù)全責(zé)。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.
1.2 by and between
常用by and between強(qiáng)調(diào)合同是由“雙方”簽訂的,因此雙方必須嚴(yán)格履行合同的責(zé)任。例2:買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方同意按下述條款購(gòu)買(mǎi)出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
B. 限定時(shí)間英譯與時(shí)間有關(guān)的文字,都應(yīng)非常嚴(yán)格慎重地處理,因?yàn)楹贤瑢?duì)時(shí)間的要求是準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。所以英譯起止時(shí)間時(shí),常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)限定準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間。
2.1 雙介詞 用雙介詞英譯含當(dāng)天日期在內(nèi)的起止時(shí)間。
例3:自9月20日起,甲方已無(wú)權(quán)接受任何定單或收據(jù)。
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例4:我公司的條件是,3個(gè)月內(nèi),即不得晚于5月1日,支付現(xiàn)金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not (no) later than用“not (no) later than +日期”英譯“不遲于某月某日”。
例5:本合同簽字之日一個(gè)月內(nèi),即不遲于12月15日,你方須將貨物裝船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.
2.2 include的相應(yīng)形式
常用include的相應(yīng)形式:inclusive、including和included來(lái)限定含當(dāng)日在內(nèi)的時(shí)間。
例6:本證在北京議付,有效期至1月1日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括1月1日在內(nèi),英譯為till and not including January 1。
3.1 大寫(xiě)文字重復(fù)金額英譯金額須在小寫(xiě)之后,在括號(hào)內(nèi)用大寫(xiě)文字重復(fù)該金額,即使原文合同中沒(méi)有大寫(xiě),英譯時(shí)也必須加上大寫(xiě)。在大寫(xiě)文字前加上“SAY”,意為“大寫(xiě)”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思為“整”。必須注意:小寫(xiě)與大寫(xiě)的金額數(shù)量要一致。例7:聘方須每月付給受聘方美元500元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).
3.2. 正確使用貨幣符號(hào)
英譯金額必須注意區(qū)分和正確使用各種不同的貨幣名稱(chēng)符號(hào)。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣;而“£”不僅代表“英鎊”,又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣。必須注意:當(dāng)金額用數(shù)字書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí),金額數(shù)字必須緊靠貨幣符號(hào),例如:Can $891,568,不能寫(xiě)成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻譯時(shí)還要特別注意金額中是小數(shù)點(diǎn)(.)還是分節(jié)號(hào)(,),因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)符號(hào)極易引起筆誤,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪設(shè)想的。
綜上所述,本文從英文合同的定義、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、以及從英文合同翻譯的用詞特點(diǎn)、注意事項(xiàng)等四個(gè)方面著手,使我們對(duì)合同自身的特點(diǎn)有了一定的了解,包括其構(gòu)成的基本要素,在翻譯過(guò)程中容易疏忽之處;從而為更好地做好英文合同翻譯打下基礎(chǔ),并使我們?cè)诤贤g中能夠得心應(yīng)手。
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