中國學(xué)生因受母語影響,在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中總感到英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和語序“顛顛倒倒”,很難把握其規(guī)律,常會(huì)按漢語的結(jié)構(gòu)說出和寫出一些很不地道的漢式英語。如何避免這種情況;熟悉英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語序與漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語序的不同,在此基礎(chǔ)上再進(jìn)行大量的語言實(shí)踐,是嘗試說出和寫出地道英語的途徑之一。
在“顛顛倒倒”的英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語序中,后置定語是最普遍最常見的現(xiàn)象之一。本文就此做些粗淺的歸納。
漢語的定語通常都是位于它所修飾的名詞之前,英語中的形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格等作定語時(shí),通常也位于它們所修飾的名詞之前,和漢語相同。如a nice day (好天氣),our government(我們的政府)
但下列情況定語常后置,與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和詞序相反:
一、 形容詞在某些特殊情況下可以放在所修飾的詞之后,有的甚至只能放在其后,作后置定語
1.形容詞與介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式短語連用作定語時(shí)需放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語。常見的這類形容詞有easy (容易的), difficult (困難的), impossible (不可能的), different (不同的), similar (相同的), equal (相等的), suitable (合適的), responsible (負(fù)責(zé)的)等。如
He is one of the engineers responsible for the project. (與介詞短語連用)
他是負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工程的工程師之一。
Whatever I say, you always have views similar to mine. (與介詞短語連用)
無論我說什么,你總是和我有類似的觀點(diǎn)。
English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. (與不定式連用)
英語是一門易學(xué)難精的語言。
I think you are the very actress suitable to play the lead role of my film. (與不定式連用)
我認(rèn)為你正是適合扮演我演片中主角的女演員。
2.形容詞詞組作定語時(shí)一般后置,但有些則可以部分前置,部分后置,形成名詞修飾語不連續(xù)的現(xiàn)象。可以這樣用的形容詞有:different (不同的), similar (相同的), next (下一個(gè)的), last (上一個(gè)的), first (第一的,首先的), second (第二的), easy (容易的), difficult (難的), impossible (不可能的), enough (足夠的), same (相同的), 以及比較級和最高級等。如:
They have different facilities from ours.
=They have facilities different from ours.
他們有和我們不同的設(shè)備。
Jack is the easiest student to teach.
=Jack is the student easiest to teach.
杰克是最容易教的學(xué)生。
That is the second train on the platform.
=That is the train second on the platform.
那是月臺(tái)上的第二列火車。
3.形容詞修飾由some-, any-, every-, no-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),只能作后置定語。如:
Have you read anything interesting lately?
你最近讀過什么有趣的東西嗎?
Let’s go somewhere quiet.
咱們?nèi)フ覀€(gè)清靜的地方。
4.形容詞與表示數(shù)量或程度的短語連用作定語時(shí),需放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語,這類詞有:deep (深的), long (長的), wide (寬的), tall (高的), short (短的), thick (厚的), high (高的), thin (薄的)等。如:
Please fetch me a stick two meters long.
請給我拿來一根兩米的棍子。
There is a pool three feet deep in front of my house.
我家門前有個(gè)三英尺深的池塘。
5.兩個(gè)表示相對或相反意義的形容詞由and連接用作定語時(shí),需放在所修飾的詞之后作后置定語。
如:
I once saw a play interesting and instructive.
我曾看一出有趣而且富于教育意義的戲。
All the workers, old and young, have been laid-off in that factory.
那家工廠老少工人都下崗了。
6.一些特定意義的形容詞作定語時(shí),需放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語。這類形容詞有:present (出席的), absent (缺席的), proper (本身的), necessary (必要的), general (總~), nearby (附近的), elect (當(dāng)選的), enough (充足的), opposite (相對的), concerned (有關(guān)的)等。如:
All the leaders present made speeches at the conference.
所有出席會(huì)議的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都講了話。
I’ve got money enough to buy a house.
我有足夠的錢買房子。
He lives in the village nearby.
他住在附近的村子里。
(注:enough和nearby也可位于名詞前)
7.a系形容詞(即以a字母開頭的形容詞)常被稱為表語形容詞,作定語時(shí),多位于所修飾的詞之后。這類形容詞常見的有:asleep (睡著的), alone (單獨(dú)的), awake (醒的), alive (活的), ahead (向前的), alike (相同的), ashamed (羞恥的), afire (著火的), awing (飛翔的), afoot (徒步的), afloat (漂浮的), afraid (害怕的)等。
The house afire was a kitchen.
著火的房子是廚房。
The road ahead was blocked by the festive crowd.
前面的路被慶祝的人群堵住了。
8.以-ible和-able結(jié)尾的形容詞一般作后置定語。常見的有:possible (可能的), suitable (適合的), visible (可視的), responsible (可靠的), adaptable (可以修改的), imaginable (可以想象的), available (可用的), obtainable (可到手的)等。如:
It's the only solution possible.(possible也可位于名詞前)
這是唯一可能采取的解決方法。
I’d like to speak to the person responsible.
我想和負(fù)責(zé)人談一談。
(注:這類詞也可作前置定語,其意義沒有區(qū)別.)
二、 副詞作定語時(shí),常位于被修飾的詞之后,作后置定語。常見的這類詞有:here, there, up, down, out, home, abroad等。如:
This was his first day up.
這是他起床的第一天。
Can you tell us something about the social system there?
你可以給我們講講那里的社會(huì)制度嗎?
I saw him on my way home.
我在回家的路上遇見過他。
三、 分詞作定語。單獨(dú)的分詞作定語時(shí),常放在所修飾的名詞前面,偶爾也可以放在名詞之后。分詞短語作定語時(shí),常作后置定語
1.現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時(shí),表示主動(dòng)的、進(jìn)行的、或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作,也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時(shí))的狀態(tài),代替定語從句。(說主動(dòng)的是因?yàn)槠鋭?dòng)作就是所修飾的名詞的動(dòng)作。)如:
進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:
The old man talking with her is her teacher.
=The old man who is talking with her is her teacher.
同她談話的那個(gè)老人是她的老師。
We met a group of students returning from school.
= We met a group of students who were returning from school.
我們遇到了一群正從學(xué)校回來的學(xué)生。
慣常的狀態(tài):
We visited the village lying south of the reservoir.
= We visited the village that lies south of the reservoir.
我們參觀了水庫南邊的那個(gè)村莊。
持續(xù)的情況:
Last year we had a dry spell lasting 140 days.
= Last year we had a dry spell which lasted 140 days.
去年我們有過一連140天的干旱。
2.過去分詞短語作定語,若為及物動(dòng)詞,則代替一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句,表示被動(dòng)的,有時(shí)是完成的動(dòng)作;(即先于謂語的動(dòng)作),有時(shí)沒有一定的時(shí)間性。其所修飾的詞常為分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。如:
先于謂語的動(dòng)作:
This is a letter written by the martyr shortly before his death.
= This is a letter which was written by the martyr shortly before his death.
這是烈士逝世前不久寫的一封信。
The speaker answered all the questions raised by the audience.
= The speaker answered all the questions which were raised by the audience.
演講人回答了聽眾提出的所有問題。
沒有一定的時(shí)間性:
He is a man loved by all.
= He is a man who is loved by all.
他是一個(gè)深受大家愛戴的人。
3.如果是現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生,或是與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,可用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式來引起短語作定語。如:
此刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
= We must keep a secret of the things which are being discussed here.
我們這討論的事必須保密。
與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:
He told us to keep a secret of the things being discussed.
= He told us to keep a secret of the things which was being discussed.
他讓我們對討論的事保密。
四、 不定式作定語只能位于被修飾的名詞后作后置定語。常表示未來的,慣常的動(dòng)作
1.不定式作定語和它修飾的詞常有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如:
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.
她晚上常常有很多會(huì)要開。
That will be the only thing to do now.
這將是目前唯一可行的方法。
2.有些特定的名詞后,常用不定式作定語。常見的有:time, need, way, reason, right, chance, opportunity, movement, effort, decision, struggle, ambition, wish, courage, determination, intention等。如:
It is time to go to bed.
是上床睡覺的時(shí)候了。
They have no chance to go to school before liberation.
解放前他們沒有上學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)。
3.有些不定式作定語也相當(dāng)于定語從句,表示未來的動(dòng)作。如:
The conference to take place in Beijing next month is bound to be a great success.
= The conference which will take place in Beijing next month is bound to be a great success.
下個(gè)月在北京舉行的會(huì)議一定會(huì)很成功。
4.如果是一個(gè)未來的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,可用不定式的被動(dòng)式作定語。如:
There will be a party to be given in my house tomorrow evening.
明晚我家要舉行一個(gè)晚會(huì)。
五、介詞短語作定語只能位于所修飾的名詞之后,作后置定語。如:
Most of the products on display are new ones.
展出的產(chǎn)品大多是新產(chǎn)品。
The man in charge should bear greater responsibility.
主管的人要負(fù)責(zé)更大責(zé)任。
六、定語從句只能做后置定語。如:
Do you know the man who came to see your mother this morning?
你認(rèn)識今天早上來看你母親的那個(gè)人嗎?
That is the reason why I am not in favor of revising the plan.
這就是我不贊成修改的原因。