動詞的語態

一、考點難點精講

（一） 語態的分類

英語動詞除了有時態之外，還有語態，表示主語和謂語的不同關系。如果主語是動作的執行者，謂語動詞用主動語態；如果主語是動作的對象，謂語動詞則用被動語態。 動作的執行者用“by”引入的短語中常用“挨”、“被”、“受”等詞來表示這個意思。如：

The boy broke the window.

那個男孩把玻璃窗打碎了。（主動語態）

The window was broken by the boy.

這個玻璃窗被那個男孩打碎了。（被動語態）

（二） 被動語態的構成

“助動詞be+（及物動詞的）過去分詞”構成動詞被動語態的形式。助動詞be 有人稱、數和時態的變化，其變化規則與be作為系動詞的變化完全一樣。現以動詞ask為例，列表如下：

（三） 被動語態的用法

1 不知道誰是動作的執行者，用被動語態。 如：

My watch was stolen.

我的手表被竊。

This jacket is made of cotton.

這件夾克是棉制的。

2 沒必要或不想指出誰是動作的執行者，用被動語態。如：

This hat was made in China.

這頂帽子是中國制作的。

The bicycles must not be put here.

這兒不準放車。

3 強調或突出動作的承受者時，用被動語態。如：

The letter was posted.

信發了。

He cannot be relied on.

他不可靠的。

4 出于禮貌措詞等原因不愿說出動作的執行者。如：

Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.

有誰看見這只獅子，請給動物園和警方打電話。

You are wished to do it more carefully.

希望你認真一點做。

5 為使句子結構簡練、緊湊，上下連貫，也即出于行文的需要。如：

When he was still young man， he was forced to leave his home land for political reasons.

他年輕時，就由于政治原因被迫離開了祖國。

Lenin often talked to his comrades and was always listened to attentively.

列寧經常和同志們談話，同志們總是留心聽他說。

6 在文章標題、廣告、新聞等中常用省略助動詞be的被動語態。 如：

Telephone call placed.（TCP）電話接通了。（省略了has been）

Girls Wanted. 招女工。（廣告用語，省略了are）

Road Blocked. 道路堵塞。（新聞報道，省略is）

（四） 主動語態與被動語態的轉換

把主動語態的結構變為被動語態結構時，要做如下的變動：

1 主動結構的賓語變為被動結構的主語

2主動結構的謂語動詞由主動語態變為被動語態結構的謂語動詞（be+動詞的過去分詞。）

3主動結構的主語變為介詞的“by”的賓語，組成介語短語，放在被動結構中謂語動詞之后。若動作的執行者無須說明或不必強調時，by組成的短語就可以省略。

4 主動語態變被動語態時，時態要保持一致。

5 含有直接賓語和間接賓語的主動結構，變為被動結構時，可以將其中一個賓語變為被動語態的主語，另一個不動。一般是將主動結構的間接賓語變為被動結構的主語，這樣句子顯得自然一些。

[注意]

1 含有直接賓語和間接賓語時，一般把指“人”的間接賓語變為主語，指“物”的直接賓語保留不動。

常見的能接雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的詞有：give， show， bring lend send（送，寄）等，這些詞與介詞to搭配。還有buy， make， draw（畫畫）等，這些詞與介詞for搭配。如：

We gave them some books.

我們給他們一些書。

They were given some books.

（變間接賓語為主語）

Some books were given(to)them.

（變直接賓語為主語）

2 含有賓語補足語的句子，賓語變為主語后，賓語補足語改為主語補足語，原來的位置一般不變。但如果賓語補足語是不帶to的動詞不定式，句子變成被動語態后則要加to，以便將兩個動詞隔開。 如：

We keep food cold in the fridge.

我們用電冰箱保鮮食品。

Food is kept cold in the fridge.

Every day the tiger made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.

老虎每天強迫一個小動物給他帶吃的東西來。

Every day one of the smaller animals was made to bring the tiger something to eat.

3 短語動詞的被動語態

短語動詞在主動結構中有一個不可分割的詞組，在被動結構中也是如此，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。如：

The nurse takes good care of the children.

阿姨很好地照顧小孩。

The children are taken good care of by the nurse.

孩子們受到阿姨很好的照顧。

The Party抯 policy has been successfully carried out.

黨的政策得以很好地貫徹。

A notice will be put up on the wall.

墻上將貼一張布告。

All applications should be handed in before Saturday.

所有申請書應在星期六以前交上來。

This question thas been much talked about recently.

這問題最近談論得很多。

The English evening has been put off till Friday.

英語晚會已延期到星期五舉行。

二、 典型考題精析

1 Nathan Hale________by the British guards.（廣東）

A hanged B was hanged

C hung D was hung

[答案]B。評析：hang作“吊著、懸掛”解時，其過去式和過去分詞為hung;作“絞死、吊死”解時，其過去式和過去分詞為hang， 所填動詞應用被動語態，故正確答案選B。又如：

The house is hung with red flags.

屋里掛著紅旗。

The murderer was hanged this morning.

今天早晨殺人犯被絞死了。

2 Old people must________politely.（湖北黃岡）

A speak toB be spoken at

C be spoken toD be spoken to

[答案]D。評析：speak to sb.是固定搭配，意為“和某人說話”。該句主語是謂語動詞動作的承受者，故須用含有情態動詞的被動語態。 答案為D。

3 Jack has got a watch. He_______it for two years.

It______by his father.

A has had ; was bought

B was bought; bought

C has got;is bought

D has bought; was bought

[答案]A。評析：第二句中時間狀語for two years表示“段”時間，應與持續性動詞連用。動詞have ， get buy中，只有have是持續性動詞；第三句應用被動語態，答案選A。

4 His school bag ______ by a woman ten minutes ago.（河南）

A took away

B had taken away

C was taken away

D is taken away

[答案]C。評析：本題主要考查一般過去時態的被動語態。句子主語是謂語動詞動作的承受者時應用被動語態。因動作發生在ten minutes ago， 所以應有和一般過去時的被動語態， 答案為C。

5 Mary______to the teacher's office just now.（山西）

A tells

B told

C is telling

D was told

[答案]D。評析：本題考查一般過去時的被動語態。由時間狀語just now 確定本句應用一般過去時，排除A C。由于tell的用tell sb. to do sth可知，tell之后的賓語已成為句子的主語，即動作的承受者作主語，應用被動語態，答案為D。

6 With the help of the Hope Project， more and more new schools _______in the poor areas.（云南）

A built B have built

C have been built D have been buliding

[答案]C。評析：該句謂語動詞強調到現在為止完成的動作，且主語是“new schools”是謂語動詞“build”的承受者，應用現在完成時的被動語態， 答案選C。

7 Much______to help the farmers in our country in the past few years.（湖北）

A has been doneB have done

C were doneD was done

[答案]A。評析：句中的時間狀語in the past few years表明，此句應用在現在完成時態，又因主語是謂語動作的承受者，謂語動詞應用被動語態。Much作代詞是不可數的量，正確答案選A。

8 –When______the People's Republic of China________?（北京）

A did; foundB was; found

C was; founded D is; founded

[答案]C。評析：由答案可以判斷出問句為過去時態，問句主語是found動作的承受者，應用被動語態，答案選C。

9 How long may this book_______?（北京）

A be keepingB kept

C be kept D is kept

[答案]C。評析：How long是表示“段”的時間狀語，可以和持續動詞的keep連用，主語是keep動作的承受者，應用被動語態。答案選C。

10 We _______to be careful of rats since the whole street wasfull of rubbish.（湖北）

A warnedB have warned

C have been warnedD were warned

[答案]C。評析：sine表示“自從……以來”時，引導時間狀語從句，主句須用完成時態。主語是warn動作的承受者，應用現在完成時的被動語態，答案選C。

三、專項強化精練

1 The new computers_______to the village school as presents last month.[2002北京東城]

A are givenB given

C were given D gave

2 Can you tell me whom the play _______in 1998? [2002重慶]

A was written byB was written

C Is written by D is written

3 TV and radio programmes________the other side of the world with the help of the satellites. [2002重慶]

A can used toB can send on

C can be sent toD can be sent on

4 --Dad， please open the door， it________.

--Ok， dear. I am coming. [2002湖北黃岡]

A locksB locked

C is locked D was locked

5 Chinese_______by the largest number of people.[2002湖南]

A is speaking B speak

C speaks D is spoken

6 The old man was quite weak after the accident， so he__________.

A must be take care of B must take care of

C must be looked after D must look after

7--It's time to do your homework， Jack.

--Yes， Mum. I抣l turn off the TV as soon as the programme._______. [2002廣州]

A endsB end

C will be endedD will end

8 Both Lily and Lucy_________to the party yeserday.[2003黑龍江]

A invited B was invited

C has invited D were invited

9 Aother new library________last month In my hometown.[2003年寧夏]

A built B was built

C has been built D is built

10 --Did you go to Jim's birthday party?

A am not invitedB wasn't invited

C haven?t invited D didn't invite

11 A lot of food _________to that cuntry after the war was over. [2003江蘇南通]

A was sentB are sent

C is sending D sent

12 The magazines________ to the library in two weeks.[2003 廣東]

A must return

B must be returned

C returned

D must be returning

答案：

1-5 C A C C D

6-10 C A D B B

11-12 A B