【中圖分類號】 R697+.3 ; R737.25 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
The role of zinc homeostasis in prostate diseases and potential mechanisms
HAN Yutong122, FAN Jiuming1.2, WANG Tiankun1:2, QI Zihao122, ZHANG Yuanyuan2, HOU Junqing34
1. School of Clinical Medicine,Henan University,Kaifeng 4754oo,HenanProvince, China
2.Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine,Zhongnan Hospitalof Wuhan University,Wuhan 430071, China
3.DepartmentofUrology,Kaifeng155Hospital,ChinaRongTongMedicalHealthcareGroupCo.Ltd,Kaifeng47540o,Henan Province, China
4.Henan Engineering Research Center of Prostate Disease Preventionand Diagnosis, Kaifeng475400,Henan Province,China
Corresponding authors: HOU Junqing, Email: hjq0418@sina.com; ZHANG Yuanyuan, Email: zhangyy_ph@163.com
【Abstract】 Zinc is an essential trace element in the human body, participating in various critical physiological functions and being highly concentrated in the prostate gland. Studies have shown that prostate diseases might be associated with zinc imbalance.Investigating the regulatory mechanisms and dynamic patterns of zinc homeostasis in prostate diseases holds significant importance for exploring the pathogenesis, progression mechanisms,and zinc homeostasis-based prevention and treatment strategies for prostate disorders.Building on a synthesis of previous evidence,this review elaborates on the maintenance processes and key regulatory factors of zinc homeostasis in the human body,and provides an in-depth analysis of zinc's role in the development and progression of prostate diseases,along with potential underlying biological mechanisms.
【Keywords】 Zinc; Zinc Homeostasis; Prostatic diseases; Prostate cancer; Benign prostatic hyperplasia
前列腺作為男性生殖器附件中最大的非成對實質(zhì)性器官,其組織結(jié)構(gòu)異常可引發(fā)前列腺炎、良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)及前列腺癌(prostatecancer,PCa)等良、惡性疾病的發(fā)生。隨著人口老齡化加劇,前列腺疾病發(fā)病及患病率明顯上升,已成為威脅男性健康的重要問題。流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)顯示BPH呈現(xiàn)顯著年齡依賴性,40歲以上男性患病率超過 50% ,70歲后超過 80% ;PCa患病率在男性惡性腫瘤中位居第二,2022年全球新發(fā)病例超146萬例[-2]。前列腺相關(guān)的排尿困難、疼痛、尿路感染等癥狀對個體生命質(zhì)量的影響以及惡性病變帶來的生命預(yù)期降低,使得此類疾病的防治與管理具有重要意義。
鋅是人體必需的第二大微量元素,具有抗炎、抗氧化及抗纖維化的功能,在機體代謝、免疫過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,與糖尿病、心血管疾病等眾多慢性疾病有關(guān)。研究顯示,鋅作為關(guān)鍵金屬元素,參與人體內(nèi)約3000種蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)合,約占蛋白質(zhì)組總量的 10% ,且超過 3% 的人類基因編碼產(chǎn)物含有鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域[3]。Lowe等[4發(fā)現(xiàn)鋅缺乏可導(dǎo)致兒童生長發(fā)育遲緩以及成人的免疫功能下降。鋅在前列腺內(nèi)高度富集,外周區(qū)前列腺細(xì)胞中的鋅濃度是血漿中的100倍以上[5。越來越多的研究證據(jù)顯示鋅與上述多種前列腺疾病有關(guān),如 Ma 等發(fā)現(xiàn)鋅可以通過細(xì)胞能量代謝調(diào)控PCa細(xì)胞的生長。雌激素相關(guān)受體 a 可通過抑制PCa干細(xì)胞內(nèi)的鋅鐵轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(ZIP)1降低細(xì)胞內(nèi) Zn2+ 濃度,解除 Zn2+ 對線粒體烏頭酸酶的抑制,從而促進PCa干細(xì)胞的線粒體能量依賴性生長。本文旨在總結(jié)鋅與前列腺疾病相關(guān)既往證據(jù),闡述鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)在前列腺疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中的潛在機制,以期為前列腺疾病的早期診斷與防治策略等提供理論支持。
1 鋅在人體內(nèi)的代謝
人體鋅主要來源于日常飲食且存在種類特異性:豬、牛、羊等紅肉是鋅主要的食物來源,海鮮中鋅含量也較高;植物性食物如水果和蔬菜的鋅含量較少[;豆類、堅果和谷物等雖含鋅,但易與植酸鹽形成植酸-鋅絡(luò)合物,降低鋅的生物利用率。當(dāng)膳食鋅攝入不足時,也可通過強化食品或營養(yǎng)制劑進行補充
攝入的鋅由小腸尤其是十二指腸和近端空腸部位吸收[。在小腸刷狀緣部位,鋅離子通過小腸上皮細(xì)胞頂膜上的ZIP進入小腸上皮細(xì)胞,再由基底膜上的鋅轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(zinc transporter,ZnT)進入肝門靜脈到達(dá)肝臟[。肝臟內(nèi)鋅離子可與不同配體結(jié)合成復(fù)合物如白蛋白、 a-2 巨球蛋白與轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白等,剩余鋅離子進入體循環(huán)分布到全身的各個組織和器官[]。約 87% 的鋅分布于人體骨骼肌與骨骼,約 8% 的鋅存在于肝臟和皮膚中, 1.5% 在血液中[]。前列腺中鋅的總含量相對較低,僅有 0.06~0.08g ,但鋅濃度遠(yuǎn)高于其他組織,可達(dá)到血漿中鋅濃度的100倍以上[3]人體多余的鋅可通過糞便、尿液或者頭發(fā)、指甲、皮膚等附屬物的脫落來進行排泄,維持體內(nèi)鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)[
2 鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)
人體鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)可分為宏觀和微觀水平,由一系列鋅相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白調(diào)控維持,如溶質(zhì)載體家族(solutecarrier family,SLC)。SLC3O(ZnT)家族負(fù)責(zé)“鋅外流”,使多余鋅離子從細(xì)胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運到胞外或者細(xì)胞內(nèi)囊泡中,而SLC39(ZIP)家族負(fù)責(zé)“鋅內(nèi)流”,將鋅離子從細(xì)胞外或細(xì)胞器內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)運到細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,增加細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)的鋅離子濃度。
宏觀鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)指機體通過吸收、分布、代謝及排泄過程調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)性鋅平衡。當(dāng)膳食鋅攝入不足時,腸道通過 znT 的代償性調(diào)節(jié),動態(tài)適配鋅吸收,關(guān)鍵蛋白包括定位于腸道絨毛細(xì)胞外側(cè)膜的 ZIP5、ZIP14與 ZnT1[12-14] ,腸上皮細(xì)胞頂膜的ZIP4、ZIP8以及 ZnT10 等[15-17]。胰腺在鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持中也發(fā)揮了重要作用,研究表明,胰腺中有16種 znT 和ZIP,其中 ZnT1 在鋅缺乏時呈表達(dá)下調(diào)趨勢,由腺泡細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至質(zhì)膜[18-19]Wang等[2研究表明胰腺SLC39A5可通過SIRT1介導(dǎo)的 PGC-1α 激活,誘導(dǎo)GLUT2表達(dá)并促進鋅內(nèi)流以維持胰島素分泌功能,可能是糖尿病的治療靶點。鋅缺乏時,糞便、尿液中鋅的排泄會迅速減少,骨髓、肝臟等組織和器官促進鋅分泌到血液循環(huán)中[]。部分特殊食物成分(谷物和豆類中的植酸鹽)或炎癥性腸病、腹瀉等疾病狀態(tài)亦會降低對鋅的腸道利用度,影響系統(tǒng)鋅平衡[21]
微觀鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)指細(xì)胞內(nèi)鋅動態(tài)平衡。細(xì)胞內(nèi)鋅以固定鋅(與金屬蛋白或金屬酶牢固結(jié)合,具有不反應(yīng)性)、不穩(wěn)定鋅和游離鋅(濃度極低,5pM~lnM )等形式存在。不穩(wěn)定鋅多為鋅離子與金屬硫蛋白(metallothioneins,MTs)或其他低分子量配體(氨基酸、小分子肽)等結(jié)合形成的松散結(jié)構(gòu),具有可交換性和反應(yīng)性,并且受ZIP和znT 等調(diào)控,是細(xì)胞內(nèi)鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要參與者[3]。
由此可見,細(xì)胞可通過移動不穩(wěn)定鋅和游離鋅以及 znT 的運轉(zhuǎn)等多種途徑來維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)外鋅離子濃度的動態(tài)平衡,是系統(tǒng)鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)的基礎(chǔ),后者又通過機體對鋅的吸收和排泄來調(diào)控細(xì)胞中的微觀鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)[10]
3 鋅相關(guān)蛋白
配體結(jié)合是鋅發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能的主要形式。鋅可與含硫、氮、氧氨基酸殘基以及核苷酸等有機配體進行催化性配位結(jié)合,從而作為氧化還原酶、水解酶、轉(zhuǎn)移酶等酶的輔因子直接參與催化反應(yīng)[22;也可通過配位鍵維持蛋白質(zhì)如MTs、鋅指蛋白(zinc fingerprotein,ZNF)等的三維結(jié)構(gòu)(結(jié)構(gòu)性配位),與 znT 以及ZIP一起精密調(diào)控鋅穩(wěn)態(tài),參與基因表達(dá)調(diào)控等功能[23]。
MT廣泛分布于細(xì)胞質(zhì)、核及細(xì)胞器(如線粒體、溶酶體),其家族含MT1、MT2等至少11個亞型,各亞型均由61~68個氨基酸構(gòu)成單鏈多肽,含20個半胱氨酸殘基,其順序為Cys-Xn-Cys(“X”代表任何非半胱氨酸的氨基酸),通過 a 1 β 雙結(jié)構(gòu)域協(xié)同結(jié)合鋅離子。其中β結(jié)構(gòu)域富集Cys、賴氨酸與精氨酸殘基,形成硫醇簇實現(xiàn)鋅的動態(tài)捕獲與釋放[24]。人類基因組中共編碼14種ZIP,可分為I(ZIP9)、I(ZIP1、2和3)、LIV-1(ZIP4、5、6、7、8、10、12、13和14)和gufA(包括ZIP11)等不同亞家族[]。ZnT負(fù)責(zé)鋅從胞質(zhì)到胞外的逆向轉(zhuǎn)運,包含 ZnT1-10 多個成員,具有典型的 ZnT 陽離子擴散促進子家族的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),包括六個保守的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域(transmembranedomain,TMD),其中TMIV和V之間富含組氨酸的 Zn2+ 結(jié)合區(qū)[25]
既往研究顯示ZIP1-4以及ZIP9均與前列腺疾病有關(guān)。以ZIP1為例,該蛋白主要定位于前列腺細(xì)胞的基底外側(cè)膜區(qū)域,在正常前列腺及良性增生上皮組織均表達(dá),可介導(dǎo) Zn2+ 從血液循環(huán)向胞內(nèi)的主動運輸,生理狀態(tài)下其核心啟動子受轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)的正向調(diào)控;前列腺癌變后,Ras/Raf/MAPK通路異常活化觸發(fā)ERK依賴性Ras反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白1上調(diào),競爭性占據(jù)ZIP1啟動子區(qū)域,拮抗SP1/CREB的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活功能,導(dǎo)致ZIP1的表達(dá)失調(diào),ZIP1蛋白水平顯著降低,PCa細(xì)胞喪失鋅離子富集能力[2。在ZnT家族中,ZnT4與PCa的發(fā)展密切相關(guān),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子HOXB13通過上調(diào) ZnT4 介導(dǎo)PCa細(xì)胞內(nèi)鋅離子外流,降低核因子κB(nuclearfactor-kB,NF-κB )抑制劑的穩(wěn)定性進而激活 NF-κB 信號通路,驅(qū)動腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[27]。在MT家族中,MT1h、MT2、MT3等均與前列腺疾病有關(guān),如MT1h結(jié)合常染色質(zhì)組蛋白甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶1,增強其催化 H3K9me2 的活性,進而沉默MMP9、CyclinD1等促癌基因,抑制PCa細(xì)胞增殖、遷移以及侵襲[28]
ZNF是真核生物中廣泛存在的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其經(jīng)典C2H2結(jié)構(gòu)由Cys-His-X-Cys序列與鋅離子配位形成“鋅結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域”,包含 α 螺旋和 β 片段構(gòu)成的“手指”狀構(gòu)象,可特異性結(jié)合DNA、RNA或蛋白質(zhì),調(diào)控基因表達(dá),在細(xì)胞分化、胚胎發(fā)育及腫瘤生長中起關(guān)鍵作用2]。近年來,ZNF與前列腺疾病的研究逐漸成為焦點,如Myc相關(guān)鋅指蛋白(MAZ)通過KRas/RalGEFs信號促進PCa骨轉(zhuǎn)移[30-31]。Jiang等[32]報告了PCa組織中MAZ和ZNF217的共上調(diào)與鐵轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白表達(dá)間的負(fù)相關(guān)聯(lián)系。 Xu 等[33發(fā)現(xiàn)ZNF403可抑制PCa細(xì)胞增殖、遷移與侵襲,發(fā)揮腫瘤抑制作用。表1系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了調(diào)控PCa以及BPH發(fā)生發(fā)展的鋅相關(guān)蛋白的功能[34-42]
4鋅與前列腺疾病
前列腺是男性生殖系統(tǒng)中鋅濃度最高的腺體組織,為精液提供了必需的鋅元素[43],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鋅代謝異常與前列腺疾病相關(guān)[44]
4.1鋅與前列腺疾病的流行病學(xué)證據(jù)
多項流行病學(xué)研究表明鋅可能與PCa發(fā)生及進展結(jié)局有關(guān)。Zhao等[45]在一項系統(tǒng)評價/Meta分析中報告了血清鋅與PCa的負(fù)向關(guān)聯(lián);Amadi等[4同樣在老年人群中檢測到PCa患者的鋅缺乏比健康者更顯著。Pietrzak等[4開展的前瞻性隊列研究不僅發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平鋅可顯著延長PCa患者生存期 [HR=4.11 , 95% CI(1.93,8.74)],還探測到硒-鋅聯(lián)合對改善患者生存預(yù)后的協(xié)同效應(yīng)。此外,鋅在慢性前列腺炎治療中亦有顯著療效,如Goodarzi等[48通過雙盲隨機對照試驗證明了硫酸鋅膠囊服用組前列腺炎癥狀積分指數(shù)顯著降低,癥狀明顯減輕。
表1前列腺疾病中的鋅相關(guān)蛋白Table1.Zinc-related proteinsin prostatediseases

注:PCa.前列腺癌;BPH.良性前列腺增生。
鋅與BPH間的關(guān)聯(lián)尚存爭議。一項病例對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鋅攝入量增加可能升高BPH風(fēng)險[49],然而,南瓜籽中的鋅對BPH具有保護作用,可減輕BPH癥狀[50。提示在BPH的發(fā)生及進展過程中,鋅可能具有雙重作用。
4.2鋅與前列腺疾病潛在機制
4.2.1 代謝重編程
前列腺由中央帶、外周帶和移行帶三個腺區(qū)組成。外周帶約占總腺體體積的 70% ,該區(qū)域腺泡上皮細(xì)胞富集到的鋅離子可作為 m- 烏頭酸酶的特異性競爭性抑制劑,抑制檸檬酸鹽與其結(jié)合從而阻斷檸檬酸鹽向異檸檬酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)化,使得前列腺上皮細(xì)胞成為“檸檬酸鹽產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞”。PCa組織中鋅離子含量明顯降低可解除 m- 烏頭酸酶的抑制作用,檸檬酸鹽正常進入三羧酸循環(huán)實現(xiàn)完全氧化,實現(xiàn)高效的能量代謝[51-52]。這種代謝重編程為PCa細(xì)胞的增殖和存活提供了能量優(yōu)勢,也成為PCa的重要代謝特征之一。
Zhang等[53研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PCa細(xì)胞中的線粒體呼吸鏈復(fù)合物I琥珀酸脫氫酶(succinatedehydrogenase,SDH)可增強琥珀酸氧化過程,促進電子傳遞鏈中活性氧(reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS)的過量生成,激活下游促增殖和抗凋亡信號通路(如NF-KB與PI3K/AKT),誘發(fā)PCa惡性表型,高濃度鋅離子能夠通過競爭性抑制 m- 烏頭酸酶的活性間接抑制SDH,阻斷琥珀酸氧化過程,從而減少ROS生成并抑制相關(guān)信號通路的激活,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了SDH在PCa中的新機制。值得注意的是,鋅長期慢性過量暴露與細(xì)胞侵襲性具有正向關(guān)聯(lián),如Navratil等[54]將PCa細(xì)胞長期暴露于高鋅環(huán)境后,檢測到ATP生成、線粒體數(shù)量增加,波形蛋白重塑并使E-鈣黏蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),促進PCa細(xì)胞向侵襲性表型轉(zhuǎn)化。提示鋅與PCa間的關(guān)聯(lián)可能有其他機制,且在探索相關(guān)機制時,需考慮富鋅環(huán)境暴露的時長、濃度等因素的影響。
4.2.2 性激素穩(wěn)態(tài)
激素穩(wěn)態(tài)對維持前列腺發(fā)育及功能具有重要作用,其中雄激素受體(androgen receptor,AR)信號通路具有重要意義。生理狀態(tài)下,AR在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中與睪酮或雙氫睪酮(dihydrotestosterone,DHT)結(jié)合后,易位至細(xì)胞核,與DNA上的雄激素反應(yīng)元件(androgen response element,ARE)結(jié)合,激活或抑制下游基因的表達(dá)。既往研究顯示 Zn2+ 與AR受體通路密切相關(guān)且具有雙重性。一方面,鋅可作為 5a- 還原酶的輔因子維持其催化活性,促進睪酮轉(zhuǎn)化為活性更強的DHT55],當(dāng)鋅缺乏時,5α-還原酶活性下降,辜酮向雌二醇轉(zhuǎn)化增加,間接下調(diào)AR信號通路的配體依賴性激活;另一方面,鋅可與半胱氨酸殘基配位形成穩(wěn)定的鋅指結(jié)構(gòu),確保AR能夠正確識別并結(jié)合靶基因啟動子區(qū)域的ARE5,還可通過抑制AR與前列腺特異性抗原(prostatespecificantigen,PSA)的信號傳導(dǎo)[5],影響AR與ARE結(jié)合,最終影響細(xì)胞的分化、增殖與遷移[58]
此外,鋅相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白在性激素平衡中亦發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。Shi等[5報道了斑點型POZ蛋白利用其鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域調(diào)控 17β- 羥基類固醇脫氫酶4的泛素化降解,促進PCa細(xì)胞內(nèi)雄激素生成和細(xì)胞增殖。亦有前列腺相關(guān)研究觀察到ZIP/ZnT蛋白與性激素間的關(guān)聯(lián):用辜酮與催乳素處理PCa細(xì)胞時,ZIP1表達(dá)和鋅攝取水平顯著上升[60]。Zhang等發(fā)現(xiàn) ZnT8 的基因沉默或敲除顯著抑制了Leydig細(xì)胞中孕激素和睪酮的刺激生成。而Leydig細(xì)胞是睪丸中分泌睪酮的細(xì)胞,睪酮調(diào)控前列腺細(xì)胞的生長,二者通過激素信號緊密關(guān)聯(lián)[2]。上述研究表明 znT 通過調(diào)控性激素和睪酮分泌等機制影響前列腺疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。
4.2.3 氧化應(yīng)激與炎癥
氧化應(yīng)激觸發(fā)炎癥通路激活,炎癥反應(yīng)中免疫細(xì)胞生成ROS加重氧化損傷,共同促進慢性病發(fā)展[3]。Xue等[4發(fā)現(xiàn)鋅與鋅依賴性金屬蛋白p53均能使ROS增加,致使烏頭酸酶活性降低、線粒體功能障礙,引發(fā)PCa細(xì)胞凋亡。Hacioglu等[研究表明 ZnSO4 可通過增強PCa細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激水平,上調(diào)TNF- σ?a 和IL-6等促炎因子的表達(dá),抑制PCa細(xì)胞增殖。一些基于鋅的新興材料在前列腺疾病治療領(lǐng)域也取得了一定成果,Ge等[開發(fā)的鋅離子水凝膠交聯(lián)緩釋系統(tǒng)有效降低了BPH小鼠模型中的氧化應(yīng)激水平,實現(xiàn)前列腺微環(huán)境重編程和BPH治療;氧化鋅納米顆粒可通過破壞PCa細(xì)胞線粒體功能導(dǎo)致ROS積累,抑制抗氧化酶活性,加劇氧化應(yīng)激,并誘導(dǎo)脂質(zhì)過氧化與膜損傷,最終引發(fā)PCa細(xì)胞的程序性死亡[]。
前列腺疾病的發(fā)生與慢性炎癥微環(huán)境亦密切相關(guān)。鋅原卟啉可以逆轉(zhuǎn)丁酸鈉對小鼠氧化應(yīng)激、炎性小體活化與IL-1β表達(dá)的抑制作用,參與自身免疫性前列腺炎的病理進展[8]。Li等[]的實驗數(shù)據(jù)則證明肥胖大鼠前列腺上皮細(xì)胞呈炎癥性改變,并伴隨ZIP6、ZIP1O表達(dá)升高及 ZnT3 表達(dá)降低,而補鋅可以抑制JAK1/STAT3信號,促進前列腺上皮細(xì)胞凋亡,改善前列腺組織的病理損傷。
4.2.4 其他
細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、周期以及缺氧微環(huán)境等其他機制也可能在前列腺疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮作用,且鋅在其中具有重要意義。如Yan等[證實鋅可降低BPH-1細(xì)胞中Bcl-2/BAX比值,抑制NF-KB活性和 p65 蛋白表達(dá),減少細(xì)胞數(shù)量和活力,促進細(xì)胞凋亡,調(diào)控前列腺上皮穩(wěn)態(tài)。Ma等[發(fā)現(xiàn)鋅通過誘導(dǎo)TR3蛋白從細(xì)胞核易位至線粒體,直接破壞線粒體膜電位并觸發(fā)細(xì)胞色素c釋放至胞質(zhì)溶膠,從而促進PCa細(xì)胞凋亡。值得注意的是,鋅能夠通過上調(diào)Smad2/4-PIAS1復(fù)合物激活p21WAF1/Cip1基因,促進Smad4核轉(zhuǎn)位與p21啟動子結(jié)合進而誘導(dǎo)前列腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡[72]。Nardinocchi 團隊[73]通過研究低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor- 1a ,HIF-1α)穩(wěn)定性及下游信號網(wǎng)絡(luò)與鋅的關(guān)系,證實了鋅可協(xié)同低氧微環(huán)境促進前列腺疾病進展,具體表現(xiàn)為鋅誘導(dǎo)HIF-1α蛋白酶體降解,抑制HIF-1α募集到VEGF啟動子,降低PCa細(xì)胞的侵襲性代謝異常。上述研究證實,鋅通過調(diào)控調(diào)亡相關(guān)通路及缺氧信號,調(diào)控前列腺疾病進程,其抑制作用具有微環(huán)境依賴性。
5 臨床應(yīng)用
鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)在前列腺疾病臨床診療過程中具有潛在應(yīng)用價值。一項隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ZNF397(鋅相關(guān)蛋白)表達(dá)水平與AR靶向治療轉(zhuǎn)移性去勢抵抗性前列腺癌(metastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer,mCRPC)患者的無進展生存期顯著正相關(guān),ZNF397低表達(dá)量者更易產(chǎn)生耐藥性,提示在mCRPC患者的預(yù)后管理中可能需要重點關(guān)注鋅相關(guān)蛋白的改變[74-75]。然而,以膳食和鋅補充劑為核心的前列腺干預(yù)效果似乎并不明顯。Zhang等[基于51529名男性衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員的分析表明,長期或高劑量補鋅( gt;75mg/d 或 ?15 年)可能增加致死性和侵襲性PCa發(fā)生風(fēng)險,但使用低劑量( 1~24mg/d )鋅補充劑卻可降低非轉(zhuǎn)移性PCa風(fēng)險[77};然而使用鋅補充劑對攝入足量鋅飲食的受試者的血清辜酮水平和睪酮代謝無顯著影響[78]。與此同時,鋅聯(lián)合治療對BPH癥狀有改善作用,如黃豆昔元異構(gòu)酶與鋅的組合可以減輕BPH患者癥狀,改善其生活質(zhì)量[79]
隨著學(xué)科間交叉的不斷深入,利用新材料與鋅離子的協(xié)同效應(yīng)治療前列腺疾病可能成為未來的主要研究方向。Yuan等[利用金屬結(jié)合劑與 Zn2+ 特異性結(jié)合,實現(xiàn)前列腺鋅濃度的監(jiān)測與PCa的特異性診斷。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基于鋅離子構(gòu)建納米藥物系統(tǒng),或與經(jīng)典抗腫瘤藥物(如紫杉醇)聯(lián)合使用,可實現(xiàn)抗PCa作用[81]。Tao等[82]則發(fā)現(xiàn)一種新型叉狀肽可在生理濃度 Zn2+ 下形成水凝膠,實現(xiàn)前列腺組織特異性原位自組裝,負(fù)載多西他賽用于PCa治療,并有效緩解癌痛。鋅在前列腺疾病治療中的臨床應(yīng)用需結(jié)合個體化劑量調(diào)整、實時監(jiān)測關(guān)鍵鋅代謝指標(biāo),并通過開發(fā)新型鋅靶向遞送技術(shù)提升療效精準(zhǔn)性,以平衡治療獲益與潛在致病風(fēng)險,推動精準(zhǔn)診療發(fā)展。
6 結(jié)語
本文探討了鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)在前列腺疾病中的重要作用。前列腺是人體內(nèi)鋅濃度最高的器官之一,鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡與PCa與BPH等疾病的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。細(xì)胞代謝重編程及線粒體功能穩(wěn)態(tài)、激素穩(wěn)態(tài)、氧化應(yīng)激與炎癥等多種作用機制可能參與前列腺疾病的鋅相關(guān)調(diào)控。人群應(yīng)用過程中基于鋅調(diào)控的診療效果存在不一致性,可能與鋅的暴露時間、濃度及方式等有關(guān),有待進一步探索與驗證。同時,未來在新材料的開發(fā)過程中,聚焦鋅穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡在上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化及缺氧微環(huán)境中的作用,可能有助于實現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)干預(yù)。同時也需要跨學(xué)科協(xié)作,推動鋅在前列腺疾病中的代謝調(diào)控從基礎(chǔ)研究向臨床應(yīng)用的跨越。
倫理聲明:不適用
作者貢獻(xiàn):文獻(xiàn)檢索和論文撰寫:韓雨桐;文獻(xiàn)篩選與歸納:樊九銘;論文修訂與校對:王天堃;表格整理:戚子昊;論文框架設(shè)定:張圓圓;論文審定:侯俊清
數(shù)據(jù)獲取:不適用
利益沖突聲明:無
致謝:不適用
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收稿日期:2025年02月26日修回日期:2025年05月06日本文編輯:桂裕亮 曹越