Progress in the Study of Risk Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Adjacent Segment Disease after Lumbar Fusion Surgery/WU Zhen, GUO Hailong.//Medical Innovation of China, 2025, 22(10): 170-174
[Abstract]Lumbar fusion has shown satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of degenerative spinal diseases requiring stable decompression, but theoccurrenceof adjacent segment disease (ASD)may be accelerated after lumbar fusion, which seriously affects clinical prognosis and quality of life.Due to thecomplexity of its clinicalcharacteristics,it isparticularlyimportant toclarify itsriskfactors,whichcanbebroadlycategorized into the patients'own natural degenerative factors and the medical factors related to the surgery with the deepening of research by scholars at home and abroad.Therefore,this paper providesan overview of the risk factors that may cause theoccurrence of ASD, sothat it can also provide more evidence and references for how to prevent the occurrence of ASD after lumbar spine surgery in the clinic.
[Key words] Adjacent segment disease Lumbar fusion Risk factors
First-author's address:Department of Minimally Invasive Spine and Precision Orthopaedics,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 83oo54, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2025.10.040
腰椎融合術(shù)是目前各種腰椎疾病的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手術(shù)治療方法,范圍從退行性疾病到脊柱畸形。雖然腰椎植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)在臨床上已取得不錯(cuò)的效果,但牢固的融合也會(huì)加速鄰近未融合節(jié)段的退變。在一些融合手術(shù)后的長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),一些退行性病變的發(fā)生是不可避免的,如節(jié)段不穩(wěn)定、椎管狹窄、椎間盤病變、骨贅的形成及腰椎滑脫[2]。ASD與脊柱融合手術(shù)之間的關(guān)系已在多個(gè)報(bào)告中討論過;然而,由于手術(shù)方法或患者背景不同,目前尚無(wú)關(guān)于其危險(xiǎn)因素的明確數(shù)據(jù)或知識(shí)。本文旨在結(jié)合近期文獻(xiàn),探討ASD的危險(xiǎn)因素的研究進(jìn)展。
1患者自身危險(xiǎn)因素
1.1高齡
隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),身體各項(xiàng)功能下降,活動(dòng)量減少,靈活性下降,骨質(zhì)破壞增加被認(rèn)為可能是間接導(dǎo)致ASD的原因之一。然而研究表明,年齡預(yù)測(cè)ASD的發(fā)生喜憂參半,大多數(shù)研究顯示ASD發(fā)生率與年齡呈正相關(guān)。Alentado等3研究表明,年齡是發(fā)生ASD的一項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)因素。同樣Lee等的一項(xiàng)回顧性調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后因ASD進(jìn)行二次翻修手術(shù)的概率,年齡大于60歲的患者是小于60歲患者的2.5倍,得出年齡大于60歲更易發(fā)生ASD。Ankrah等的一項(xiàng)回顧性研究中同樣證明了年齡 gt;65 歲為再次發(fā)生ASD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn),然而Maragkos等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年患者ASD的發(fā)病率較低。他們表示老年患者活動(dòng)量少,這導(dǎo)致退化較少,并且他們認(rèn)為外科醫(yī)生不愿意對(duì)老年患者進(jìn)行翻修手術(shù)。
1.2 肥胖
由于肥胖患者相較于正常體重患者椎間盤負(fù)荷更大,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致椎間盤高度喪失,周圍小關(guān)節(jié)、脊柱韌帶及椎旁肌的異常過載,更有概率發(fā)生ASD。
等隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),體重指數(shù)(bodymassindex,BMI)gt;25 kg/m2"的患者更易發(fā)生ASD。但BMI是臨床上相對(duì)客觀可控的變量,可通過術(shù)前體重的控制來提高融合手術(shù)的效果。
1.3 椎旁肌質(zhì)量下降
脊柱周圍和附著在脊柱上的肌肉(即脊柱旁肌肉)負(fù)責(zé)移動(dòng)和穩(wěn)定脊柱,負(fù)責(zé)承受脊柱組織大部分負(fù)荷;因此,它們?cè)诩怪驼麄€(gè)身體的正常運(yùn)作中起著極其重要的作用③。其中多裂肌(multifidus,MF)豎脊肌(erector spinae,ES)和腰大肌(psoasmajormuscle,PM)作為初級(jí)伸肌和屈肌,通常通過磁共振成像(MRI)上的橫截面積(cross-sectionalarea,CSA)和脂肪浸潤(rùn)(fatinfiltration,F(xiàn)I)進(jìn)行量化,進(jìn)而來評(píng)估肌肉質(zhì)量。Kim等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前存在的椎旁肌肉萎縮及椎旁肌肉脂肪浸潤(rùn)是術(shù)后發(fā)生放射性ASD的危險(xiǎn)因素。同樣在Chen等[]的一項(xiàng)隨訪調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前椎旁肌脂肪浸潤(rùn)程度高的患者更容易發(fā)生相鄰節(jié)段椎間孔的狹窄。但這些研究都僅使用了術(shù)前MRI成像來評(píng)估,近期Yun 等通過閾值法對(duì)一次術(shù)前及二次翻修術(shù)前的腰椎MRI進(jìn)行椎旁肌功能性橫截面積(functionalcross-sectionalarea,F(xiàn)CSA)的評(píng)估,最終證明,進(jìn)行性加重的多裂肌脂肪浸潤(rùn)與術(shù)后發(fā)生ASD密切相關(guān),同樣在 Xu 等的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后PM肌肉在鄰近水平的FI的代償性降低是腰椎后路椎間融合術(shù)(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)后退行性腰椎狹窄癥(degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis,DLSS)患者發(fā)生ASD的保護(hù)因素。
1.4術(shù)前鄰近節(jié)段退變
術(shù)前鄰近節(jié)段退變包括椎間盤變性、小關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)間隙變窄及椎管狹窄等多種退變因素導(dǎo)致的病理性改變。由于融合術(shù)后融合節(jié)段的僵直,從而相鄰節(jié)段的應(yīng)力集中、活動(dòng)度增加及椎間盤內(nèi)壓力增大,這些生物力學(xué)改變肯定會(huì)導(dǎo)致術(shù)后相鄰健康的活動(dòng)節(jié)段發(fā)生進(jìn)行性退化。而對(duì)于與融合節(jié)段相鄰的退行性腰椎間盤,固有的功能下降和生物力學(xué)改變使其在器械融合手術(shù)后更容易發(fā)生退化。Anandjiwala等[3]前瞻性評(píng)價(jià)了74例接受腰椎融合術(shù)且至少隨訪5年的患者,并證明了術(shù)前相鄰水平椎間盤退行性變的患者發(fā)生相鄰節(jié)段退行性變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。在Wang等4的研究中也同樣得出術(shù)前相鄰水平的椎間盤退變是術(shù)后ASD的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。Cannizzaro等[5通過單中心大樣本的臨床研究證實(shí),與Pfirrmann分級(jí) lt;3 的患者相比,融合引起的生物力學(xué)改變使術(shù)前Pfirrmann分級(jí) gt;3 的患者更容易發(fā)生鄰近節(jié)段的退變。多數(shù)研究顯示,在臨床上需進(jìn)行翻修手術(shù)的患者與術(shù)前存在相鄰節(jié)段椎管狹窄有著密切的聯(lián)系。為了探究術(shù)前相鄰節(jié)段存在椎管狹窄是否會(huì)加速ASD的發(fā)生, Sun 等通過椎管內(nèi)腦脊液閉塞程度來評(píng)估術(shù)前相鄰節(jié)段椎管狹窄程度,并進(jìn)行了前瞻性觀察。最終發(fā)現(xiàn)輕度椎管狹窄的患者更可能發(fā)生ASD。Zhong等通過對(duì)滑脫患者腰椎融合后的ASD發(fā)生率的分析,得出了尾部相鄰節(jié)段預(yù)先存在的椎管狹窄是發(fā)生ASD的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)退變是致使腰椎不穩(wěn)定發(fā)生的重要因素之一,并且它們之間互為因果。椎體的不穩(wěn)定同樣會(huì)使腰椎的負(fù)荷加重,致使椎體病變的發(fā)生。穆彥志等8研究證實(shí),術(shù)前小關(guān)節(jié)退變Weishaupt分級(jí)越高,術(shù)后發(fā)生ASD的概率越大。近期在Tan等的一項(xiàng)回顧性隊(duì)列研究中同樣證實(shí)了術(shù)前CT檢查相鄰小關(guān)節(jié)的退行性等級(jí)是腰椎融合術(shù)后腰痛gt;2 年是否緩解的重要因素,并得出術(shù)前鄰近關(guān)節(jié)存在小關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(facetjointosteoarthritis,F(xiàn)JOA)也是發(fā)生ASD的一項(xiàng)重要危險(xiǎn)因素。而在 Yun 等[的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)積液的存在意味著節(jié)段不穩(wěn)定的可能性很高,并且證實(shí)了術(shù)前MRI關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)積液的嚴(yán)重程度是發(fā)生ASD的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,同時(shí)表明,在矢狀位上關(guān)節(jié)面角度的增加同樣會(huì)加速ASD的進(jìn)展,這可能與向前的剪切力的阻力變小有關(guān)。
2手術(shù)相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素
2.1 腰椎矢狀位排列順序
矢狀面對(duì)齊對(duì)于預(yù)防ASD的發(fā)生很重要,腰椎融合后的矢狀面平衡是影響相鄰節(jié)段運(yùn)動(dòng)的重要因素,與腰椎前凸角(lumbarlordosis,LL)直接相關(guān)[2%。Zhao等[通過有限元分析發(fā)現(xiàn),脊柱前凸減少可能引起相鄰節(jié)段的超負(fù)荷,從而增加鄰近節(jié)段發(fā)生病理性改變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。骨盆入射角(pelvicincidence,PI)是一種獨(dú)特的放射學(xué)指標(biāo),可預(yù)測(cè)保持平衡矢狀姿勢(shì)所需的LL量。在國(guó)際脊柱研究小組的一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究中,Schwab等[22l描述了PI-LL不匹配與脊柱畸形患者殘疾增加和生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分降低之間的關(guān)聯(lián),作者得出結(jié)論,成人脊柱畸形患者應(yīng)恢復(fù)PI-LL錯(cuò)配,將 ≥11°"的PI-LL失匹配定義為不平衡。Rothenfluh等3對(duì)腰椎融合術(shù)后的患者進(jìn)行隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PI-LL失匹配的患者發(fā)生ASD的概率是矢狀位平衡患者的10 倍。而在近年來的一些研究中表明,達(dá)到簡(jiǎn)單的PI-LL匹配并不總能防止ASD的產(chǎn)生,Yilgor等[4研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)Schwab評(píng)分系統(tǒng)中PI-LL評(píng)判數(shù)值具有局限性,其聞值應(yīng)該是因人群而異的,為此他們提出了GAP評(píng)分系統(tǒng),其針對(duì)腰椎前凸重建提出的相對(duì)腰椎前凸角(relativelumbarlordosis,RLL)和前凸分布指數(shù)(lordosis distribution index,LDI)更符合人體解剖學(xué)的個(gè)體變異性,意味著可以為術(shù)前計(jì)劃設(shè)定個(gè)性化的放射學(xué)指標(biāo)。對(duì)于是否可以用來預(yù)測(cè)ASD的發(fā)生,Zheng等[25]通過對(duì)200例接受
腰椎后路椎間融合術(shù)手術(shù)的患者發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后LDI異常的患者更容易發(fā)生ASD,同樣Herrington等[2通過對(duì)104例接受下腰椎手術(shù)的患者的LDI進(jìn)行計(jì)算,最終發(fā)現(xiàn)翻修隊(duì)列不僅術(shù)后LDI較小,而且手術(shù)導(dǎo)致的LDI顯著降低。然而王牧一等2的研究卻并不認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)DI與ASD和臨床療效存在明顯相關(guān)性。而RLL則可以有效預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后ASD的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及患者術(shù)后的臨床療效。Qu等[28則通過術(shù)前Roussously分型對(duì)288名患者進(jìn)行了兩年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)2型是術(shù)后發(fā)生ASD的最常見的類型。這可能由于2型呈現(xiàn)出的是平坦的背部,鄰近節(jié)段的負(fù)荷力很大,加速了鄰近節(jié)段的退變過程導(dǎo)致的,而4型由于腰椎超彎,PI高,當(dāng)短節(jié)段融合不能恢復(fù)最佳的LL時(shí),相鄰節(jié)段會(huì)出現(xiàn)過度伸展,以補(bǔ)償局部節(jié)段性下凸,從而增加相鄰椎體的后側(cè)滑動(dòng)力,最終發(fā)展為ASD。Wang等29同樣證明了腰椎退行性疾病短階段融合后Roussously分型不匹配是影響ASD發(fā)生的重要因素。
2.2融合節(jié)段長(zhǎng)度
融合節(jié)段長(zhǎng)度對(duì)影響ASD的發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議很小,既往大多數(shù)研究表明,融合節(jié)段長(zhǎng)度與ASD的發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān),Ramirez-Villaescusa等30研究表明,當(dāng)融合節(jié)段達(dá)到3個(gè)及以上時(shí),需要二次手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高出了3倍。同樣Okuda等通過1000例行腰椎融合手術(shù)患者的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD的發(fā)生率隨著融合節(jié)段長(zhǎng)度的增加而增加。這可能由于長(zhǎng)節(jié)段融合使得融合節(jié)段的活動(dòng)性降低,相應(yīng)的上位及下位椎體集中應(yīng)力增高和椎間盤內(nèi)壓力增大,從而導(dǎo)致鄰近節(jié)段發(fā)生退變。因此術(shù)前應(yīng)充分考慮患者影像學(xué)檢查及臨床表現(xiàn),盡量避免長(zhǎng)節(jié)段的融合,從而減少ASD的發(fā)生。
2.3手術(shù)人路的選擇
腰椎融合術(shù)可有不同的手術(shù)入路方式,術(shù)后引起ASD的情況不盡相同。在一項(xiàng)比較不同的椎間入路方式下接受
和
椎體間1\~2個(gè)椎間融合術(shù)后6個(gè)月腰椎X線的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腰椎前/側(cè)方椎間融合術(shù)(A/LLIF)手術(shù)比后路入路(T/PLIF)手術(shù)有更大的節(jié)段前凸恢復(fù)和PI-LL失匹配改善。且A/LLIF也可以顯著減少相鄰節(jié)段的前凸度,從而減少融合節(jié)段可能增加的腰椎前凸度[2]。在一項(xiàng)有限元分析中,與正常的模型相比,經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎椎間融合術(shù)(transforaminallumbar interbodyfusion,TLIF)和斜外側(cè)腰椎間融合術(shù)(obliquelateralinterbodyfusion,OLIF)在所有運(yùn)動(dòng)模式中相鄰階段的運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍與椎間盤內(nèi)壓力都有所提升,但它們組間并無(wú)顯著差異3。同樣的在Li等4比較分析了
退變性腰椎滑脫(degenerativelumbarspondylolisthesis,DLS)治療后OLIF和TLIF對(duì)鄰近節(jié)段的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管接受OLIF手術(shù)患者ASD的發(fā)生率是小于TLIF組的,但并無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。不過在矢狀位平衡方面,OLIF組是優(yōu)于TLIF組的。與開放TLIF相比,微創(chuàng)手術(shù)(如MIS-TLIF)有更少的出血量,更低的感染率及更短的住院天數(shù)。然而,與TLIF相比,MIS-TLIF是否具有減少ASD的優(yōu)勢(shì)仍存在爭(zhēng)議]。因而若要降低術(shù)后ASD 的發(fā)生率,要求手術(shù)醫(yī)生不僅要根據(jù)手術(shù)適應(yīng)證還要綜合各種手術(shù)人路方式的利弊來選擇最適合的手術(shù)人路。
2.4關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)的破壞
關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)是脊柱中復(fù)雜的生物力學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu),具有復(fù)雜的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),它與椎間盤構(gòu)成的三關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)合體,在維持下腰椎的穩(wěn)定性和運(yùn)動(dòng)方面起著重要作用。在腰椎中,小關(guān)節(jié)的作用是保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)節(jié)段免受前剪切力、過度旋轉(zhuǎn)和屈曲的影響。在置入椎弓根螺釘過程中,若對(duì)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不夠熟悉,鄰近節(jié)段的下關(guān)節(jié)突很容易受到損害,這無(wú)疑會(huì)使腰椎運(yùn)動(dòng)階段的穩(wěn)定性下降,加速ASD的發(fā)生。Xu等的一項(xiàng)體外生物力學(xué)的研究中,在屈伸、側(cè)彎和軸向旋轉(zhuǎn)載荷下對(duì)12個(gè)人戶棘進(jìn)行了生物力學(xué)測(cè)試,當(dāng)雙側(cè)上節(jié)段小關(guān)節(jié)被螺釘嚴(yán)重破壞時(shí),相鄰椎體的屈伸、側(cè)彎和軸向旋轉(zhuǎn)的范圍均減小,在Ding等[37]一項(xiàng)回顧性研究中也證明了小關(guān)節(jié)的侵犯加劇了相鄰階段椎間盤和小關(guān)節(jié)的退變,尤其是雙側(cè)小關(guān)節(jié)均受到侵犯時(shí)。Wang等4同樣認(rèn)為在椎弓根螺釘置入過程中防止上小關(guān)節(jié)侵犯至關(guān)重要。這些對(duì)于有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的脊柱外科醫(yī)生來說,完全有可能防止椎弓根螺釘插人中的上小關(guān)節(jié)侵犯。
綜上所述,腰椎融合術(shù)后發(fā)生ASD的因素是多種多樣的,不僅有患者自身存在的自然退變性因素,像年齡、BMI、椎旁肌質(zhì)量、術(shù)前存在的鄰近節(jié)段退變,也有與手術(shù)相關(guān)的醫(yī)源性因素,像手術(shù)入路方式的選擇、腰椎矢狀位排列的失衡、融合節(jié)段長(zhǎng)度及術(shù)中關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)的破壞,當(dāng)然其中一些研究中仍存在的臨床病例數(shù)量不足,隨訪時(shí)間的較短及研究設(shè)計(jì)存在缺陷等問題,從而導(dǎo)致論據(jù)的可靠性偏低,在后續(xù)的研究中仍需大樣本、多中心、前瞻性的臨床研究去論證。只有不斷地去明確發(fā)生ASD的危險(xiǎn)因素,才能更好地針對(duì)每個(gè)不同的患者做出最佳的手術(shù)策略來規(guī)避術(shù)后發(fā)生ASD的概率,從而降低短期內(nèi)需二次手術(shù)的發(fā)生率,這對(duì)于每一個(gè)脊柱外科醫(yī)生來說都是一項(xiàng)不小的考驗(yàn)。
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