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不同類型果袋對霞暉10號桃果實品質的影響

2025-04-02 00:00:00張斌斌杜金華陳鴻王曉俊張圓圓陳政丁輝顏志梅俞明亮馬瑞娟
果樹學報 2025年3期

摘" " 要:【目的】果實套袋是改善果實品質、提高果實商品性的主要技術措施,研究不同類型果袋對霞暉10號桃果實品質的影響,以期篩選出適宜的果袋及其套袋栽培方式,為生產應用提供參考。【方法】以9年生霞暉10號桃為試驗材料,以果實不套袋處理作為對照,采用白色單層袋、黃色單層袋、外黃內黑雙層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、外黑內白可拆袋(采前除袋)、外黑內黃可拆袋(采前除袋)6種類型果袋進行套袋處理,比較單果質量和果實品質差異,篩選適宜袋型。【結果】不同類型果袋均可顯著增加果實的單果質量。黃色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、外黑內白可拆袋處理可顯著提高果實去皮硬度。不同處理果實的亮度值(L)均較對照有所提高,其中外黃內黑雙層袋和外黑內黃可拆袋處理效果最顯著。不同處理果實的紅色飽和度(a)、色飽和度(C)、紅色飽和度/黃色飽和度(a/b)均較對照顯著降低,而黃色飽和度(b)、色調角(h)則均較對照顯著增加。套不透光的外黃內黑雙層袋果實的紅色色澤比套可拆袋的果實淺,白、黃色單層果袋處理的外觀紅色優于雙層袋;套袋還使果實的鮮艷程度變淡,雙層袋處理下果實的鮮艷程度更低。白色單層袋、黃色單層袋、外黑內白可拆袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理果實的可溶性固形物含量(SSC)顯著高于對照,而外黃內黑雙層袋、外黃內白雙層袋處理下SSC顯著降低。使用不同類型果袋套袋,對桃果肉可溶性糖、糖醇和有機酸組分含量影響存在差異。【結論】套袋增加了霞暉10號桃果實質量,改善果實的外觀品質,提高或保持果實硬度和味感品質。通過對不同袋型的套袋效果進行比較,發現白色單層袋、黃色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、外黑內白可拆袋(采前除袋)處理下果實綜合品質較高。在中國長江中下游產區,對7月上中旬成熟的桃品種,可根據生產和市場需求,因地制宜選擇果袋。

關鍵詞:桃;套袋;外觀品質;內在品質

中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)03-0591-12

Effects of different types of fruit bags on the quality of Xiahui 10 peaches

ZHANG Binbin1, DU Jinhua1, 2, CHEN Hong1, 2, WANG Xiaojun1, ZHANG Yuanyuan1, CHEN Zheng1, DING Hui1, YAN Zhimei1, YU Mingliang1, MA Ruijuan1*

(1Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; 2College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Fruit bagging is a common practice used by growers to improve fruit quality, prevent pest and disease infestations, avoid direct pesticide contamination, enhance edibility, improve appearance, increase commercial value and raise market competitiveness. Although additional labor and costs are incurred, fruit bagging remains as an important technical measure to ensure quality and commercial production against high temperatures and humidity in summer, frequent pest and disease outbreaks, poor coloration and low commercial quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of fruit bags on the quality indices of Xiahui 10 peaches in order to select suitable bag types and supporting cultivation methods for improving production. 【Methods】 The Xiahui 10 peaches were harvested from 9-year-old trees. Peaches without bagging served as the control. Six types of fruit bags were tested: white-single-layer bags, yellow-single-layer bags, double-layer bags with yellow outside and black inside, double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside, removable bags with black outside and white inside (removed before harvesting), and removable bags with black outside and yellow inside (removed before harvesting). Differences in the single fruit mass and other quality indices of single peaches were compared to screen suitable bag types. 【Results】 All types of fruit bags significantly increased the single fruit mass index, with the yellow-single-layer bags, double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside, removable bags with black outside and white inside and removable bags with black outside and yellow inside achieving increases by14.08%, 15.04%, 13% and 17.29%, respectively, as compared to the control. The yellow-single-layer bags, double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside, and removable bags with black outside and white inside significantly improved the fruit firmness with skin by 29.93%, 23.1% and 29.01%, respectively, while the other bags had no significant effect. The brightness value (L) of fruits protected with different bags increased from 11.64% to 57.15% as compared to the control, with the double-layer bags with yellow outside and black inside and the removable bags with black outside and yellow inside achieving the most significant effects. Additionally, the red saturation (a), color saturation (C) and red saturation/yellow saturation ratio (a/b) of the fruits were significantly lower than the control (6.8% vs 65.14%, 4.16% vs 21.3% and 8.79% vs 77.47%, respectively, p<0.05), while the yellow saturation (b) and hue angle (h) were significantly higher (6.44% vs 57.46% and 17.05% vs 143.19%, respectively, p<0.05). Furthermore, comparisons of the fruit appearance showed that different types of fruit bags lightened the red color, with the non-transparent double-layer bags with yellow outside and black inside achieving a lighter red color than the removable bags. The red appearance of fruits was improved with the use of the white- and yellow-single-layer bags as compared to the double-layer bags. The double-layer bags also reduced vividness. The white-single-layer bags, yellow-single-layer bags, removable bags with black outside and white inside, and removable bags with black outside and yellow inside increased the soluble solid content (SSC) by 2.49%, 5.72%, 7.92% and 5.65%, respectively, while the double-layer bags with yellow outside and black inside and the double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside decreased the SSC by 7.78% and 14.16%, respectively. In addition, the SSC tended to decrease when double-layer bags were not removed before harvesting. Other than the removable bags with black outside and white inside, the bags significantly lowered the sucrose content of fruits as compared to the control (7.66% vs 15.61%, respectively, p<0.05), especially the double-layer bags with yellow outside and black inside and the double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside. The glucose content of fruits protected with the yellow single-layer bags, removable bags with black outside and white inside, and removable bags with black outside and yellow inside was significantly higher than the control while significantly lower for fruits protected with the double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside. The fructose content of fruits protected with white-single-layer bags and double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside was significantly lower than the control, while significantly higher with the removable bags with black outside and white inside. Moreover, the sorbitol content of fruits protected with white single-layer bags, double-layer bags with yellow outside and black inside, and double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside was lower than the control, while higher with the yellow-single-layer bags and removable bags with black outside and white inside. Other than the double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside, the malic acid content of bagged fruits was lower than the control by 13.65% to 31.64%, with the removable bags with black outside and yellow inside achieving the greatest reduction. The quinic acid content of fruits protected with white-single-layer bags, yellow-black-double-layer bags, yellow-white-double-layer bags, and black-yellow-double-layer removable bags was lower than the control, while increased with the black-white-double-layer removable bags as compared to the control. The citric acid content of fruits protected with yellow-white-double-layer bags was not significantly different from the control, but significantly decreased with the other bags. Overall, the white-single-layer bags, yellow-single-layer bags, and double-layer bags with white inner lining improved the fruit quality indices. 【Conclusion】 Bagging can increase the single fruit mass, improve fruit appearance, and enhance or maintain firmness, taste and overall quality of Xiahui 10 peaches. Furthermore, comparisons of the effectiveness of different bag types revealed superior quality of fruits protected with white-single-layer bags, yellow-single-layer bags, double-layer bags with yellow outside and white inside, and removable bags with black outside and white inside (removed before harvesting). In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region in China, for peach cultivars that mature from early to mid-July, appropriate fruit bags can be selected based on production, market demands, and adaptation to local conditions.

Key words: Peach; Bagging; Appearance quality; Internal quality

果實套袋能有效防止病蟲侵害,避免農藥的直接污染,提高果實食用安全性,還可改善外觀光潔度,提高商品價值和市場競爭力[1-5]。市場上的果袋可按照作用、顏色、材質和層數等進行分類[6-8]。果樹類型、品種類型、果實成熟期和人們的消費習慣等差異決定了生產者對果袋的選擇。Liu等[9]研究發現,白色無紡布聚丙烯果袋處理改善了湖景蜜露和玉露兩個成熟期不同、紅色果皮發育能力存在強弱差異的桃品種果皮的紅色色澤,提高了花青素生物合成基因的表達量,可以用來代替生產上常用的黃色紙袋。Islam等[10]報道,采用棕色紙袋、白色紙袋、特定波長塑料膜袋、平紋布袋等不同材質的果袋可提高杧果果實的單果質量以及總可溶性固形物、檸檬酸、還原糖和總糖含量。不同材質的果袋顯著改善蘋果和梨的果皮顏色、硬度,提高總可溶性固形物含量、抗壞血酸含量,促進花青素的合成[11-12]。Asrey等[13]用不同顏色的果袋對Kandhari石榴進行套袋試驗,發現消費者對紅袋處理下果實的接受度最高,但會使部分品質性狀如種皮的鈣、總酚流失。在果實套袋實踐中,應通過對果實的外觀品質和內在品質綜合評價來進行果袋篩選。

桃果實套袋雖然耗費較多的用工和果袋成本,但面對長江中下游地區夏季高溫多濕、病蟲害頻發、果實著色不良、商品性不高等問題[14-15],其仍然是當前生產中提高果實品質和商品果率的重要技術措施。霞暉10號是江蘇省農業科學院果樹研究所育成的白肉桃新品種,果實著色程度高,留樹時間較長,在長江中下游地區的成熟期為7月上中旬,為梅雨季結束后即成熟的品種,需要進行套袋栽培。筆者在本研究中選取了生產上常用的6種果袋對霞暉10號進行套袋試驗,比較果實品質差異,以期篩選出適宜的果袋及其套袋栽培方式,為生產應用提供參考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 試驗材料

試驗于2023年進行,試驗地點位于江蘇省南京市的江蘇省農業科學院桃試驗園。該試驗地處于亞熱帶季風氣候區,年平均氣溫15.7 ℃,年降水量1000~1100 mm,土壤類型為弱酸性土質,pH值為6.8。

試材為生長健壯、長勢基本一致的9年生霞暉10號桃,砧木為毛桃,樹形為兩主枝“Y”形,株行距2 m × 5 m,按照常規栽培措施進行管理。

1.2 試驗設計

供試果袋有6種,分別為白色單層袋(臺果牌)、黃色單層袋(臺果牌)、外黃內黑雙層袋(臺果牌)、外黃內白雙層袋(臺果牌)、外黑內白可拆袋(雙層,山林牌)、外黑內黃可拆袋(雙層,MoMo牌)。以果實不套袋作對照。每個處理以2株樹設為1個小區,3次重復。5月上旬進行疏果,使單株間留果量基本一致,5月下旬選擇晴朗無風天氣噴施一次殺蟲殺菌劑后,選取大小、發育相對一致的正常果實進行套袋。根據霞暉10號果實發育期和天氣情況,在6月30日的16:00后,將套外黑內白、外黑內黃可拆袋的果實外層黑袋輕輕拽下,內層果袋保留在果實上,使果實照光上色。待果皮底色由綠色轉為黃白色、果實達到可采成熟度時采收果實。每株樹每處理按東、西、南、北4個方位隨機采取果實,混勻,迅速帶回實驗室。所采用的果袋不同,果實的成熟時間也不一致,外黃內黑雙層袋、外黑內白可拆袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理的果實于7月6日采收,套白色單層袋、黃色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋的果實于7月7日采收。每處理隨機選取20個果實,用于相關指標的測定分析,3次重復。檢測指標為單果質量、果皮色差、果實硬度、果肉可溶性固形物含量及糖酸組分含量。

1.3 試驗方法

單果質量采用0.1 g感量的電子天平稱重。果皮色差采用ColorQuest XE色差計、Hunter Lab表色系統測定,分別以L、a、b代表果皮亮度值、紅色飽和度和黃色飽和度,色飽和度C=(a2+b2)1/2,色調角h=arctan(b/a)[16-17]。果實硬度(帶皮、去皮硬度)用TA. XT. Plus型質構儀測定,測定部位為果實縫合線兩側中部位置,質構儀使用的探頭直徑為8 mm,測試深度為5 mm,貫入速度為1 mm·s-1[18]。果肉可溶性固形物含量用ATAGO便攜數顯折光儀PAL-1在20 ℃下測定,測定部位為果實縫合線兩側中部位置。前述指標測定完成之后,削去果皮,將果肉剁碎,參照Zhang等[18]的方法提取果肉中的可溶性糖(蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖)、糖醇(山梨醇)和有機酸(蘋果酸、奎尼酸和檸檬酸),用Agilent 1260高效液相色譜儀測定各組分的含量。

1.4 數據分析

對單項指標進行主成分分析,將原來的單項指標轉換為新的獨立的綜合指標(主成分)。綜合指標的隸屬函數值用公式U(Xi)=(Xi-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)計算,式中Xi為第i個綜合指標,U(Xi)為第i個綜合指標的隸屬函數值,Xmax、Xmin分別表示第i個綜合指標的最大值和最小值。以各綜合指標的平均隸屬函數值作為綜合評價值(D值)。

采用Excel軟件進行數據處理及制圖,采用SPSS軟件進行差異顯著性分析,所有數據以鄧肯氏新復極差法進行測驗。

2 結果與分析

2.1 不同類型果袋處理下桃果實的外觀性狀

圖1顯示了不同袋型處理下霞暉10號的果實外觀情況。不同類型果袋處理下,果實外觀著色差別較大,這與果袋顏色、層數、采前除袋與否關系密切。

2.2 不同類型果袋對桃單果質量的影響

由圖2可見,套袋處理的霞暉10號果實單果質量均顯著大于對照,其中以黃色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、外黑內白可拆袋及外黑內黃可拆袋處理表現最好,其次是白色單層袋、外黃內黑雙層袋處理。表明果實套袋可使霞暉10號單果質量增大。

2.3 不同類型果袋對桃果實硬度的影響

從圖3可以看出,外黃內黑雙層袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理的霞暉10號果實帶皮硬度差異不顯著,且均顯著低于對照,其他處理則均顯著高于對照,以黃色單層袋、外黑內白可拆袋處理表現最好,其次是外黃內白雙層袋處理。對于果實去皮硬度而言,白色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理的果實與對照差異不顯著,其他處理間差異不顯著但均顯著高于對照。表明套袋可提高或保持霞暉10號的果肉硬度,對果實的貯運有利。

2.4 不同類型果袋對桃果皮色差的影響

不同套袋處理下霞暉10號果皮的外觀色差指標差異見表1。各套袋處理果實的L均顯著高于對照,不同處理間表現為外黃內黑雙層袋、外黑內黃可拆袋>外黑內白可拆袋>外黃內白雙層袋>黃色單層袋>白色單層袋(p<0.05),表明在提高霞暉10號果實光潔度方面,雙層果袋的效果優于單層果袋。試驗所有處理果實的a、a/b排序均為對照>白色單層袋>黃色單層袋>外黃內白雙層袋>外黑內白可拆袋>外黑內黃可拆袋>外黃內黑雙層袋(p<0.05),各處理果實的h排序與以上排序相反,各處理間的差異也達顯著水平(p<0.05)。表明套袋處理使霞暉10號果實的外觀紅色變淺,套不透光的外黃內黑雙層袋條件下果實紅色色澤比套可拆袋的果實淺,白、黃色單層果袋處理的果實紅色色澤優于雙層袋處理。各套袋處理果實的C均顯著低于對照,不同套袋處理表現為白、黃色單層袋>外黃內白雙層袋、外黑內白可拆袋>外黃內黑雙層袋>外黑內黃可拆袋(p<0.05)。表明套袋降低了霞暉10號果實的鮮艷程度,雙層袋處理下果實的鮮艷程度更低,桃果實外觀品質形成與果實的光照程度關系密切。

2.5 不同類型果袋對桃果肉可溶性固形物含量的影響

由圖4可知,白色單層袋、黃色單層袋、外黑內白可拆袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理間的霞暉10號果實可溶性固形物含量(SSC)無顯著差異但均顯著高于對照,外黃內黑雙層袋、外黃內白雙層袋處理果實的SSC均顯著低于對照,以外黃內白雙層袋處理表現最差。表明霞暉10號套單層的白、黃果袋或雙層可拆袋可提高果實內含物含量,套雙層袋不拆袋的情況下,會導致內含物含量降低。

2.6 不同類型果袋對桃果肉糖、糖醇及有機酸含量的影響

從表2可以看出,使用不同類型果袋的霞暉10號果肉可溶性糖、糖醇和有機酸組分含量存在差異。

對于蔗糖含量而言,外黑內白可拆袋處理的果實與對照差異不顯著,其他處理均顯著低于對照,其中以外黃內黑、外黃內白雙層袋處理表現最差。白色單層袋、外黃內黑雙層袋處理果實的葡萄糖含量與對照無顯著差異,外黃內白雙層袋處理顯著低于對照,而其他處理均顯著高于對照,尤以外黑內白、外黑內黃可拆袋處理表現最好。從果糖含量看,白色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋處理顯著低于對照,而黃色單層袋、外黃內黑雙層袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理與對照無顯著差異,外黑內白可拆袋則顯著高于對照。白色單層袋、外黃內黑雙層袋、外黃內白雙層袋處理果實的山梨醇含量均顯著低于對照,以外黃內白雙層袋處理最低;外黑內黃可拆袋處理與對照無顯著差異;黃色單層袋、外黑內白可拆袋處理均顯著高于對照,以外黑內白可拆袋處理表現最好。

對于果實的蘋果酸含量而言,外黃內白雙層袋處理與對照差異不顯著,其他處理均顯著低于對照,以黃色單層袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理表現最差。外黑內白可拆袋處理果實的奎尼酸含量顯著高于對照,黃色單層袋處理與對照無顯著差異,其他處理則顯著低于對照,以外黃內黑雙層袋處理表現最差。外黃內白雙層袋處理果實的檸檬酸含量與對照無顯著性差異,其他處理則顯著低于對照,以黃色單層袋、外黃內黑雙層袋、外黑內黃可拆袋處理表現最差。

可見,套外黑內白可拆袋且在采前除袋可起到保持蔗糖含量、提升其他糖組分含量的作用;黃色單層袋處理下,蔗糖含量降低,但其他糖組分含量得到保持或提高;除外黃內白雙層袋外,多數套袋處理起到了降低果實有機酸組分含量的作用。

2.7 果實品質綜合評判

對17個單項指標進行主成分分析,前4個主成分(綜合指標,Z1~Z4)的貢獻率分別為44.234 2%、29.864 2%、13.016 4%、8.758 8%,累計貢獻率達95.873 7%。表明前4個綜合指標代表了原有17個指標的95.873 7%的信息,可分別用這4個綜合指標對霞暉10號桃6個套袋處理和對照果實的品質進行概括性分析。以所有綜合指標的數值為原始依據,進行隸屬函數分析,所得隸屬函數值見表3。根據綜合評價值(D值),對試驗處理的果實綜合品質進行排序。發現對照的D值最大(0.687 7),外黑內白可拆袋、黃色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、白色單層袋處理的D值相對較高,外黑內黃可拆袋、外黃內黑雙層袋處理的D值很低。表明套外黑內白可拆袋、黃色單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、白色單層袋的桃果實的綜合品質更接近于對照。

3 討 論

3.1 不同袋型對桃果實外觀品質的影響

套袋時間、果袋顏色、材質以及層數都可能影響果實的外觀品質。套袋為果實生長發育營造了一個長期的微域環境。早套袋會影響幼果的細胞分裂進程,降低內源激素含量,使果實膨大受到限制,導致單果質量降低[19-21];而適當晚套袋則可避免內源激素受強光破壞,采前除袋的蘋果果實赤霉素、生長素含量迅速增加,促進果實膨大,單果質量增加[22-24]。白世踐等[25]在中國西北干旱區比較了不同顏色果袋對新郁葡萄果實品質的影響程度,認為紅袋是改善果實著色、提高綜合品質的果袋類型。果袋的材質和層數不同,透過光質、透光率、袋內微環境等都不相同,在改善果實品質方面的效果也有差異[9-11]。在本研究中采用單層袋、雙層袋及可拆袋型處理下,霞暉10號桃果實的單果質量均顯著增加,推測不同類型果袋內的光照度、光質差異影響了內源激素的代謝,促進了光合同化產物向果實的運輸,使果實增大。

果皮色差指標可客觀反映果實的著色情況,其數值是果實外觀色澤品質的直觀體現。套袋增加了袋內微環境的溫度和濕度[21],影響轉化酶的活性。有研究表明,套袋使油梨果實多酚氧化酶、過氧化物酶活性增強,皮層分泌蠟質、木質素含量增加,提高了果實亮度[26]。本研究結果也表明,套袋處理的霞暉10號桃果實亮度值均顯著增加,雙層袋提升果實光潔度的效果更好。果袋起到了對果實進行遮光的效果,導致果皮葉綠素降解基因PpCLH1、PpSGR提前高表達,使葉綠素提前降解,改變果皮底色[27];而依賴于光合成的花色苷在套袋條件下受到抑制[9,28-29],導致果實的外觀紅色色澤變淡。在本研究中,則表現為果皮的a、a/b降低而b、h升高。不同袋型間比較,處于無光條件下的外黃內黑雙層袋處理下的霞暉10號桃果實紅色色澤最淡,揭示黑暗條件下果皮花色苷合成困難;白色單層袋處理下果實紅色色澤較好,a、a/b較對照降低程度最小,這與白色單層袋具有較高的透光率關系密切。果實成熟期將兩種可拆袋型的外層黑袋去除后,果實底部開始照光上色,外黑內白可拆袋果實的紅色色澤較外黑內黃可拆袋更深,白色單層袋處理下果實的紅色色澤也優于黃色單層袋,這種差異與不同果袋透過的光照度和光質類型有關[30]。推測黑色外袋提供的無光條件使果皮葉綠素含量下降,光敏色素含量顯著提高,而套袋果實對光的敏感度較高,較低的光輻射能促進果實著色,從而使拆袋后花色素苷迅速合成[31]。趙淼等[32]發現,短波光比長波光更容易促進草莓色素物質合成,黃光不利于花色苷的積累;而與白色果袋相比,黃色果袋的黃光透過率高,影響果實紅色色澤的形成[30-31],與本試驗的研究結果一致。

3.2 套袋對桃果實內在品質的影響

研究表明,果實果肉中的光合同化產物(糖、淀粉、山梨醇、有機酸等)主要來自葉片的光合作用[33-34],而果實的果皮中含有葉綠素,它也是一個比較重要的作為“源”的光合器官。葉片和果皮的光合同化產物都能夠向果肉輸送。前人研究發現,套3層紙袋對康佛倫斯梨果實的蔗糖和山梨醇含量有負面影響[35],套雙層袋的蘋果果實的蔗糖、總糖含量明顯下降[36-37],套袋血橙果實的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗壞血酸含量降低,與參與分解代謝途徑的基因量表達增加有關[38]。在本研究中,套外黃內黑雙層袋、外黃內白雙層袋的果實的蔗糖、山梨醇、可溶性固形物含量均顯著降低,這可能是因為試驗采用的兩種雙層袋透光率低,影響了果皮葉綠素的合成,降低了果皮的光合能力。一方面,果皮通過光合作用產生的光合產物可以輸送到果肉;另一方面,果皮的正常生理活動也需要靠葉片制造的光合產物維持,此時,果皮則作為“庫”存在于光合產物的運輸途徑中。雙層袋內造成的弱光環境使果肉、果皮兩個“庫”對葉片制造的光合產物的競爭加劇,使果肉中積累的碳同化物減少,導致總糖、可溶性固形物含量降低[39-40]。還有報道指出,通過選擇不同透光率果袋和對拆袋時間進行合理搭配,可緩解套袋對果實內在品質產生的負面影響[41],甚至可提高內含物含量。石瑩等[4]用乳白色木漿紙質單層紙袋對椪柑進行套袋研究,發現可溶性固形物、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量均提高。筆者在本研究中也發現,套白、黃色單層袋果實的可溶性固形物含量均顯著提高,采用可拆袋型套袋的果實在采前進行了去袋操作,促進了采前果實內含物的積累,可溶性固形物含量顯著提高。而采用外黑內白可拆袋的果實蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇含量均顯著提高,促進了內在品質的提升,這與前人在清見橘橙[42]、紅地球葡萄[43]上的研究結果類似。套袋果實的轉化酶活性增強,庫強提高,果實“庫”從葉片中調運同化物的能力上升,同化物積累量增加,從而提高了糖組分、可溶性固形物含量[44]。

有機酸對果實風味品質的影響不僅與其組成含量有關,也取決于糖的含量[45]。有研究認為,套袋可在一定程度上阻止酸的降解,甚至有利于酸的積累[4,46]。但多數研究均發現,套袋降低了總酸及其部分組分的含量[47-50]。Liu等[51]報道,套袋顯著抑制了澳洲青蘋和金冠兩個蘋果品種果實大多數糖、蘋果酸、檸檬酸等有機酸的合成,去袋后可顯著促進糖、酸的積累。在本研究中,套外黑內白可拆袋的霞暉10號果實的果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇含量與對照相比顯著提高,蔗糖含量變化小,蘋果酸、檸檬酸含量下降明顯,結合可溶性固形物含量,推測該類型果袋對綜合品質的保持最有利,基于17個指標的綜合評判結果也驗證了這一點。果實中有機酸的代謝過程極為復雜,蘋果酸、奎尼酸、檸檬酸含量的變化受遺傳因素、環境條件、樹體營養狀況等多重因素的調控,套袋降低果實有機酸含量的主要途徑有待進一步研究[4]。

4 結 論

套袋可增加霞暉10號桃單果質量,改善外觀品質,提高或保持果實硬度、味感品質;單層袋、外黃內白雙層袋、外黑內白可拆袋處理下果實綜合品質較高。在長江中下游產區,對7月上中旬成熟的桃品種,可根據生產和市場需求,因地制宜選擇果袋。

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