基于城市暴雨洪水模型的市政內澇防治設計

摘 要：隨著生態環境不斷惡化，暴雨頻率不斷增加，暴雨洪水災害對城市排水系統運行帶來了極大挑戰。城市既有排水系統難以滿足排水需求，不僅造成下游地區防洪壓力巨大，而且易引發嚴重內澇。開展城市暴雨內澇模擬研究能夠為城市防災減災及排水規劃設計提供重要理論依據。該文依托西安市某片區降雨、下墊面、管網數據進行暴雨管理模型（SWMM）構建，分析3、5、50年一遇常規降雨下3 h降雨過程，對片區相應重現期降雨下的管道超載及排水能力進行有效評估，并在此基礎上進行低影響開發設施（LID）應用研究。結果表明，管道超載率隨降雨量增大而增大，50年一遇降雨條件下為最高60%；片區管網排水能力不高，內澇風險隨降雨量增大而增大，最大為44%；設計生物滯留池后，內澇風險降低幅度超40%。

關鍵詞：暴雨管理模型；管道超載；內澇風險；生物滯留池；市政

中圖分類號：TU992 文獻標志碼：A 文章編號：2095-2945（2024）29-0064-04

Abstract： With the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment and the increasing frequency of rainstorm， rainstorm and flood disasters pose a great challenge to the operation of urban drainage system. The existing drainage system in the city is unable to meet the drainage needs， which not only causes huge flood control pressure in downstream areas， but also easily leads to serious waterlogging. The research on urban rainstorm waterlogging simulation can provide an important theoretical basis for urban disaster prevention and mitigation and drainage planning and design. This paper builds a storm water management model （SWMM） based on the rainfall， underlying surface， and pipe network data of a certain area in Xi'an， analyzes the 3 h rainfall process under the 3， 5， and 50 year return period conventional rainfall， effectively evaluates the pipeline overload and drainage capacity under the corresponding return period rainfall in the area， and on this basis， conducts the application research of low impact development （LID） facilities. The results show that the pipeline overload increases with the increase of rainfall， and the highest is 60% under the condition of 50-year rainfall; the drainage capacity of the pipe network in the area is not high， and the waterlogging risk increases with the increase of rainfall， the maximum is 44%; after the biological detention pool is designed， the waterlogging risk is reduced by more than 40%.

Keywords： rainstorm management model; pipeline overload; waterlogging risk; biological detention pool; municipal public works

城鎮化進程造成原有生態植被、水文、地形、地貌出現大范圍破壞，城市排水難以外排，引發城市內澇災害。針對城市雨洪排水能力進行評估及優化設計具有重要社會經濟意義。目前存在較多的理論研究方法對城市排水性能進行預測分析，但計算過程多依賴經驗公式，導致結果存在較大偏差。暴雨管理模型（SWMM）依托研究區域降雨、下墊面、管網等基本數據，以概化形式模擬排水系統運行狀況，具備良好可靠性，能夠為城市管網規劃、防災減災等提供決策參考。……