










摘要:【目的】研究不同氮化鐵復合材料Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的微波吸收性能。【方法】通過水熱法合成金屬有機骨架材料(MOFs),經過氮化處理得到Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C復合材料;采用X射線衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、超高分辨掃描電子顯微鏡(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、高分辨透射電子顯微鏡(transmission electron microscope,TEM)、拉曼光譜(Raman spectra,Raman)和X射線光電子能譜(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)等技術表征、定性Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的結構、形貌以及成分變化,結合矢量網絡分析(vector network analyzer,VNA)和振動樣品磁強計(vibrating sample magnetometer,VSM)定量分析Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C對微波的反射損耗能力以及磁性能。【結果】Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C因介電常數遠大于磁導率,導致阻抗匹配失衡,而Fe3N@C介電常數和磁導率相近,存在較好的阻抗匹配,涂層厚度為2 mm的樣品,小于反射損耗為?10 dB的有效吸波寬帶達到的頻率為2.4 GHz,在頻率為9.1 GHz處最小的反射損耗為?14.1 dB。【結論】3種氮化鐵的相結構和碳層的缺陷程度不同,氮化鐵核與碳殼的導電性不同,會在界面間出現電荷聚集,引起界面極化,導致Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C的介電常數增大,使得Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C中的介電常數遠大于磁導率,最終導致阻抗匹配失衡,具有較差的吸波性能。
關鍵詞:氮化鐵;復合材料;阻抗匹配;微波吸收
中圖分類號:TM25;TB4文獻標志碼:A
引用格式:
王文敬,董浩琪,盧潔,等.碳包裹氮化鐵復合材料的制備及微波吸收性能[J].中國粉體技術,2024,30(3):39-50.
WANG W J,DONG H Q,LU J,et al.Preparation and microwave absorption properties of carbon-coated iron nitride composites[J].China Powder Science and Technology,2024,30(3):39?50.
隨著科技的發展,電磁波干擾越來越影響人們的生活,吸波材料的應用和發展受到人們的廣泛關注。微波在接觸材料表面時,有一部分微波發生反射,另一部分則進入材料內部,在材料內部進行衰減。吸波材料將能量轉化為熱能或其他能量進行釋放,達到吸波的目的,而阻抗匹配的大小決定了材料對微波的吸收能力[1-2]。吸波材料應用廣泛,在無線通信中,有利于減小信號反射和干擾,提高通信質量;在軍事領域中,吸波材料可用于減弱雷達波的反射信號,探測器將無法檢測到返回信號,從而達到屏蔽、隱身的目的;在電磁屏蔽中,吸波材料可用于屏蔽電子設備和通信系統,阻止低頻電磁波的穿透,從而減少電磁波的干擾;在靜電消散中,吸波材料可以減少靜電聚集和靜電放電對設備的干擾[3-6]。
吸波材料性能評價主要通過矢量網絡分析儀測量材料的反射損耗[7]。目前,吸波材料主要存在2個問題:1)涂層較厚,在涂層厚度為1.5 mm以下微波吸收效果很差;2)有效吸收帶寬窄,在頻率為8~18 GHz時微波能夠產生有效的吸收,但在頻率為2~8 GHz低頻下的微波吸收性能較差[8]。隨著雷達頻率的發展,研究低頻下的吸波材料對軍事領域具有至關重要的作用[9-10]。吸波材料能量衰減主要通過介電損耗和磁損耗2種機制。傳統的吸波材料比較單一,不能同時利用電損耗和磁損耗來降低微波干擾,因此新型的吸波材料需具有薄、輕、寬、強等特性。鐵基磁性材料因資源豐富、成本低、電磁性能優異而被廣泛關注,但鐵基磁性材料穩定性差、密度大缺點限制了其在微波吸收中的普遍應用。氮化鐵作為一種磁性材料,因飽和磁化強度大、密度小、比表面積大、無污染等特點,被應用到各種高科技領域中,但介電損耗較差阻礙了它的廣泛應用。碳材料作為傳統的介電損耗材料具有優異的電導率,碳材料和氮化鐵進行復合所形成的氮化鐵復合材料同時具有磁損耗和較強的介電損耗[11-13]。
近年來,氮化鐵在微波吸收領域被廣泛研究,但仍存在低頻下微波吸收能力較弱、涂層較厚等缺點[14-17]。金屬有機骨架材料(MOFs)因具有較大的比表面積及多孔性、結構可調等優點引起研究者的興趣,獨特的三維結構使得MOFs在煅燒過程中,氮原子可充分接觸金屬節點形成高度分散的納米氮化鐵,提高氮化鐵復合材料的微波吸收性能[18-19]。采用MOFs作為前驅體通過煅燒氮化生成具有核殼結構的Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C復合材料,該吸波材料具有優異的穩定性,碳材料的加入改善了氮化鐵的介電損耗,碳材料和氮化鐵的復合使得吸波材料具有較高介電損耗和磁損耗,提高Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C復合材料的微波吸收性能[20]。
1實驗
1.1試劑材料和儀器設備
試劑材料:九水合硝酸鐵、乙酸、尿素(均為分析純,國藥集團化學試劑有限公司);N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(質量分數為99.5%)、對苯二甲酸(質量分數為98%)(上海麥克林生化科技有限公司)。
儀器設備:SmartLab型X-射線衍射儀(X-ray diffraction,XRD,日本株式會社理學);Regulus 8230型超高分辨掃描電子顯微鏡(scanning electron microscope,SEM,日本日立公司);JEM-2100型高分辨透射電子顯微鏡(transmission electron microscope,TEM,日本電子公司);LabRAM HR800型光譜儀(Raman spectra,Raman,法國HORIBA Jobin Yvon公司);ESCALAB 250Xi型光電子能譜儀(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS,美國熱電公司);8604型振動樣品磁強計(vibrating sample magnetometer,VSM,美國Lake Shore公司);AV-3672B型矢量網絡分析儀(vector network analyzer,VNA,中國電子科技集團公司)。
1.2氮化鐵復合吸波材料的制備
1.2.1前驅體的合成
稱取質量為7.3 g的九水合硝酸鐵和質量為2.0 g的對苯二甲酸分別溶于體積為232 mL的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和體積為8 mL的乙酸溶液中,完全溶解后,置于熱力學溫度為423 K的烘箱中,保持24 h后,得到MOFs前驅體。
1.2.2氮化鐵復合材料的合成
Fe2N@C合成。將質量為1 g的前驅體置于石英管中,在氨氣的氣氛下,以升溫速率為275 K/min加熱到熱力學溫度為823 K后,保持2 h,得到樣品Fe2N@C。
Fe3N@C合成。將質量為0.2 g的前驅體和質量為0.6 g的尿素置于管式爐中,在氮氣的氣氛下以升溫速率為277 K/min加熱到熱力學溫度為873 K后,保持90 min,得到樣品Fe3N@C。
Fe4N@C合成。將質量為0.5 g的前驅體置于石英管中,在氨氣氣氛下以升溫速率為278 K/min加熱到熱力學溫度為843 K后,保持6.5 h,得到樣品Fe4N@C。
2結果與討論
2.1氮化鐵復合材料的相組成
利用XRD表征確定Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C復合材料的物相組成,XRD譜圖如圖1所示。由圖可知,Fe2N@C的衍射峰所在衍射角為37.5°、40.9°、42.9°、56.7°、67.7°、75.9°,與標準卡片Fe2N(JCPDS 72-2126)的(100)、(002)、(011)、(012)、(110)、(103)晶面對應;Fe3N@C的衍射峰峰值所在衍射角為37.8°、41.2°、43.3°、57.2°、76.8°,與標準卡片Fe3N(JCPDS 01-1236)的(100)、(002)、(101)、(102)、(103)晶面對應;Fe4N@C的衍射峰值所在衍射角為41.2°、47.9°、70.1°,與標準卡片Fe4N(JCPDS 83-0875)的(111)、(200)、(220)晶面對應,表明合成純相Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C。
2.2氮化鐵復合材料的形貌和微觀結構表征
為了了解Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的微觀形貌,采用SEM、TEM進行表征,復合吸波材料微觀形貌如圖2中所示。由圖2(a)、(d)、(g)可知,Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C顆粒堆積導致材料表面凹凸不平。由圖2(b)、(e)、(h)可知,Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C中的Fe納米顆粒高度分散,被包裹在碳層中,說明成功合成碳包裹的Fe2N、Fe3N和Fe4N。由圖2(c)可知,晶格間距0.23 nm歸屬于Fe2N(100)晶面。由圖2(f)可知,晶格間距0.20 nm歸屬于Fe3N(101)晶面。由圖2(i)可知,晶格間距0.27 nm歸屬于Fe4N(110)晶面。上述結果表明成功合成碳包裹的氮化鐵。
利用XPS和Raman測試進一步研究Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的結構,復合吸波材料C 1s的XPS譜圖如圖3所示。由圖3(a)可知,Fe2N@C中結合能為284.70 eV的峰歸屬于C—C,結合能為285.37 eV的峰歸屬于C—N,結合能為288.46 eV的峰歸屬于C—O。由圖3(b)可知,Fe3N@C中結合能為284.72 eV的峰歸屬于C—C,結合能為285.85 eV的峰歸屬于C—N,結合能為288.54 eV的峰歸屬于C—O。由圖3(c)可知,Fe4N@C中結合能為284.72 eV的峰歸屬于C—C,結合能為285.39 eV的峰歸屬于C—N,結合能為288.39 eV的峰歸屬于C—O[15]。
氮化鐵復合吸波材料Raman光譜如圖4所示。由圖可知,Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的Raman光譜中均存在2個明顯的特征峰,在波數為1 590 cm-1處的位置峰為G峰,歸屬于石墨結構中sp2雜化的碳原子結構。在波數為1 340 cm-1處的位置峰為D峰,說明碳載體中存在sp3雜化的碳原子。其中D峰和G峰的強度的比值(ID/IG)越高說明石墨化程度越低,Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的ID/IG分別為0.85、1.19和1.07。根據自由電子理論,石墨化程度越高越有利于電子轉移,有利于提高Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的導電率和介電常數。從圖中可以看出,Fe3N@C的石墨化程度最低,使得該樣品具有相對較小的介電常數[21]。
2.3氮化鐵復合材料的吸波性能
吸波性能主要是通過矢量網絡分析和振動樣品磁強計檢測Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的電磁損耗進行表征分析。
2.3.1振動樣品磁強計表征
振動樣品磁強計是通過將復合吸波材料處于交變磁場中,吸波材料隨著交變磁場的變化產生飽和磁化強度Ms、剩余磁化強度Mr、矯頑力Hc。其中飽和磁化強度是指吸波材料在外加磁場下能達到的最大磁化強度;剩余磁化強度是指吸波材料在外加磁場歸零時,材料內部的磁化強度;矯頑力指吸波材料內部的剩余磁化量為0時,需要在吸波材料外部加的反磁場強度。氮化鐵復合吸波材料的磁滯回線圖如圖5所示。由圖5(a)可知,Fe2N@C的Ms為14.47 emu/g,通過局部放大得到,Mr為1.17emu/g,Hc為0.261 kOe。由圖5(b)可知,Fe3N@C的Ms為95.21 emu/g,通過局部放大得到,Mr為22.21 emu/g,Hc為0.374 kOe。由圖5(c)可知,Fe4N@C的Ms為175.53 emu/g,通過局部放大得到,Mr為10.26 emu/g,Hc為0.069 kOe。從圖中可知,Fe3N@C樣品的矯頑力最大,說明材料被磁化后,想要恢復到初始狀態更加的困難,因而需要消耗更多的能量,即Fe3N@C樣品的磁損耗能力相對較強,具有較好的磁損耗性能。
2.3.2矢量網絡分析表征
矢量網絡分析是間接分析材料的吸波性能,通過計算得到吸波材料的反射損耗以及吸波材料的磁導率和介電常數的虛實部,磁損耗正切值和介電損耗正切值計算公式[14]如下
式中:tanδμ和tanδε分別為復磁導率正切值和復介電常數正切值;μ'和μ''分別為復磁導率的實部和虛部;ε?和ε??分別為復介電常數的實部和虛部。
在理想情況下,吸波材料的表面反射系數Γ為0時,電磁波將會完全被吸波材料吸收,此時反射系數Γ與阻抗存在如下關系[14]:
式中:Γ為表面反射系數;Zr和Z0分別為吸波材料波阻抗和空氣自由空間波阻抗;μr和μ0分別為相對磁導率和真空中的磁導率;εr和ε0分別為相對介電常數和真空中的介電常數。
由式(3)、(4)可知,當吸波材料的相對介電常數和相對磁導率相等時具有最佳的阻抗匹配特性,這時自由空間中電磁波將會最大程度地進入吸波材料內部,從而對電磁波產生優異的吸收性能,利于吸波材料發揮自身的損耗能力。
氮化鐵復合吸波材料反射損耗如圖6所示。由圖可知,Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C的反射損耗較小,表明Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C吸波性能較差。Fe3N@C的反射損耗峰值大部分集中在頻率為2~8 GHz低頻段,且隨著厚度的增加,最大反射損耗峰值逐漸向低頻移動,吸收峰值有所增加,涂層厚度為2 mm的樣品有效吸收帶頻寬達到頻率為2.4 GHz,在頻率為9.1 GHz處最小反射損耗為?14.1 dB,具有較好的吸波性能。
氮化鐵復合吸波材料介電常數虛實部、磁導率虛實部圖如圖7所示。由圖可知,Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C存在較大的ε?和ε??,使得這2種Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C的介電損耗遠大于磁損耗,進而導致阻抗匹配失衡[22-23]。Fe3N@C存在較小的ε?和ε??,使得介電常數和磁導率相近,存在較好的阻抗匹配[24-25]。
Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C的tanδε和tanδμ,可以更加直觀地的看出材料對微波的電磁損耗能力,氮化鐵復合吸波材料的電損耗角、磁損耗角圖如圖8所示。由圖8(a)、(c)可知,Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C的tanδε遠大于tanδμ,阻抗匹配較差。由圖8(b)可知,Fe3N@C的tanδε與tanδμ相近,存在較好的阻抗匹配,具有較好的微波吸收能力。由于3種氮化鐵的相結構和碳層的缺陷程度不同,氮化鐵核與碳殼的導電性不同,會在界面間出現電荷聚集,引起界面極化,導致Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C的介電常數增加,使得Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C中的介電常數遠大于磁導率,最終導致阻抗匹配失衡。
3結論
1)由MOFs作為前驅體進行氮化成功制備Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C。
2)在Fe2N@C、Fe3N@C和Fe4N@C中,碳層的引入使得材料的介電常數增大,但過大的介電常數將會導致抗阻匹配失衡,使得電磁波吸收損耗能力較差。
3)Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C因介電常數遠大于磁導率,導致阻抗匹配失衡,而Fe3N@C介電常數和磁導率相近,存在較好的阻抗匹配,涂層厚度為2 mm的樣品有效吸收帶寬達到頻率為2.4 GHz,在頻率為9.1 GHz處最小反射損耗為?14.1 dB,具有較好的吸波性能。
4)由于3種氮化鐵的相結構和碳層的缺陷程度不同,氮化鐵核與碳殼的導電性不同,會在界面間出現電荷聚集,引起界面極化,導致Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C的介電常數增大,使得Fe2N@C和Fe4N@C中的介電常數遠大于磁導率,最終導致阻抗匹配失衡,具有較差的吸波性能。
利益沖突聲明(Conflict of Interests)
所有作者聲明不存在利益沖突。
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
作者貢獻(Author’s Contributions)
王文敬、魏宇學進行方案設計,王文敬、董浩琪和盧潔進行樣品合成和表征,李偉、朱磊、張成華和郭立升指導并參與了論文寫作。孫松和魏宇學進行了審閱與修改。所有作者均閱讀并同意了最終稿件的提交。
The study was designed by WANG Wenjing,WEI Yuxue.Sample synthesis and characterization by WANG Wenjing,DONG Haoqi and LU Jie.LI Wei,ZHU Lei,ZHANG Chenghua and GUO Lisheng supervised and participated in the writing of the paper.SUN Song and WEI Yu xue reviewed and revised.All authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
參考文獻(References)
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Preparation and microwave absorption properties ofcarbon-coated iron nitride composites
WANG Wenjing1a,DONG Haoqi1b,LU Jie1a,LI Wei2,ZHU Lei2,GUO Lisheng1a,ZHANG Chenhua1a,WEI Yuxue1a,SUN Song1a
1a.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,1b.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Anhui University,Hefei 230601,China;
2.Anhui Tanxin Technology Co.,Ltd.,Huaibei 235141,China
Abstract
Objective The energy attenuation of wave-absorbing materials primarily occurs through two mechanisms:dielectric loss and magnetic loss.Conventional wave-absorbing materials are less effective because they cannot simultaneously use both electrical and magnetic losses to attenuate microwave interference.Iron nitride,characterized by magnetic properties,such as highsatura?tion magnetization,low density,large surface area,and environmental friendliness,has applications in various high-tech fields.However,its widespread use is limited due to its poor dielectric loss characteristics.Carbon materials,known for their exceptional conductivity and dielectric loss properties,can be combined with iron nitride to form composite materials that exhibit both magnetic and high dielectric losses.To achieve this,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are used as precursors for the syn?thesis of Fe2N@C,Fe3N@C and Fe4N@C through a process involving calcination and nitriding.These core-shell wave-absorbing materials exhibit excellent stability.The incorporation of carbon increases the dielectric loss of iron nitride,generating compos?ites that exhibit high dielectric and magnetic losses,thereby improving the microwave absorption of Fe2N@C,Fe3N@C,and Fe4N@C.Further investigations will explore the microwave absorption variations between different compositions of Fe2N@C,Fe3N@C,and Fe4N@C.
Methods The physical composition of Fe2N@C,Fe3N@C,and Fe4N@C was analyzed using X-Ray diffraction(XRD).Their micro-morphology was analyzed using ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and high-resolution transmis?sion electron microscopy(TEM).The micro-morphology of Fe2N@C,Fe3N@C,and Fe4N@C was determined through the suc?cessful synthesis of carbon-encapsulated iron nitride.Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)were also employed for this purpose.XPS techniques were used to characterize and investigate their conformational relationships.Microwave absorption properties,as well as the imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant and complex permeability,were analyzed using a vector network analyzer(VNA).Their magnetic loss properties were quantified using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM).
Results and Discussion As shown in Fig.1,Fe2N,Fe3N,and Fe4N were synthesized using MOFs as precursors.Additionally,Fig.2 showed that highly dispersed Fe nanoparticles were successfully encapsulated in the carbon layer,confirming the synthe?sis of Fe2N@C,Fe3N@C,and Fe4N@C.Fig.4 showed that Fe3N@C had a relatively low degree of graphitization,resulting in a low permittivity.In contrast,Fig.6 demonstrated that Fe2N@C and Fe4N@C exhibited poor wave absorption properties,while Fe3N@C displayed good microwave absorption.Therefore,it could be concluded that Fe3N@C was a better candidate for micro?wave absorption compared to Fe2N@C and Fe4N@C.Fig.7 showed that Fe2N@C and Fe4N@C had significantly greater dielectric loss than magnetic loss due to their high imaginary dielectric constant,resulting in an imbalancd impedance matching.On the other hand,Fe3N@C had a lower imaginary dielectric constant,providing a better impedance matching due to its balanced dielectric constant and magnetic permeability.
Conclusion Fe2N@C,Fe3N@C,and Fe4N@C were successfully prepared by nitriding MOFs as precursors.Fe2N@C and Fe4N@C exhibited an imbalanced impedance matching due to their dielectric constants being much higher than their magnetic permeability.In contrast,Fe3N@C had balanced values for both parameters,resulting in better impedance matching.Samples with a coating thickness of 2 mm had an effective absorbing bandwidth of less than-10 dB,with a reflection loss of-10 dB up to2.4 GHz.The minimum reflection loss of-14.1 dB at 9.1 GHz indicated better absorbing performance.The differing electrical conductivity of the iron nitride cores and the carbon shells resulted from to the varying phase structures of the three iron nitrides and the degree of defects in the carbon layers.This difference led to charge aggregation between interfaces,causing interfacial polarization.As a result,the dielectric constants of Fe2N@C and Fe4N@C increased,exceeding their magnetic permeability and leading to an imbalanced impedance matching.
Keywords:iron nitride;composite materials;impedance matching;microwave-absorption property
(責任編輯:武秀娟)