張興光 王邦茂 劉濤濤 張文成 董艷美 李小青 牛海艷 夏時海



作者單位:1武警特色醫(yī)學中心消化內科(郵編300162);2天津醫(yī)科大學總醫(yī)院消化內科
作者簡介:張興光(1984),男,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事內鏡下消化道早癌及高原腸道菌群方面研究。E-mail:zhangxingguang1024@163.com
△通信作者 E-mail:xshhcx@sina.com
摘要:目的 分析高原環(huán)境下腸易激綜合征(IBS)患者的腸屏障損傷指標、神經遞質及炎性介質變化,探討IBS的潛在發(fā)病機制。方法 81例男性漢族健康志愿者自平原進入西藏拉薩并完成1年前瞻性隊列觀察,其中診斷IBS(羅馬Ⅳ)13例(IBS組),并隨機抽取11例健康者為對照組(NC組),另隨機抽取從平原進入拉薩1周內且未發(fā)生急性高山病者11例為NC早期組。采用酶聯免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)檢測血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)和腸脂肪酸結合蛋白(I-FABP)、5羥色胺(5-HT)、白細胞介素(IL)-6、IL-17A及脂多糖(LPS)水平;隨訪末月,IBS中9例行腸鏡檢查及腸黏膜病理活檢,NC組中4例行腸鏡檢查。結果 高原環(huán)境下IBS患者腸鏡及病理結果提示腸黏膜輕度炎癥表現。與NC早期組比較,NC組進入拉薩后3個月時5-HT、DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平及6個月時5-HT、I-FABP、IL-6和LPS水平均升高,IBS組3、6個月時6項血清學指標均升高(P<0.05);與NC組比較,IBS組3個月時5-HT和LPS水平降低,6個月時DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平升高(P<0.05)。NC組6個月時6項血清學指標均較3個月時降低(P<0.05);IBS組3個月與6個月時血清學指標差異均無統計學意義。結論 腸黏膜屏障損傷指標、神經遞質及炎性介質可能參與高原環(huán)境下IBS的發(fā)生。
關鍵詞:腸易激綜合征;血清素;脂肪酸結合蛋白質類;白細胞介素6;高原環(huán)境
中圖分類號:R574.4文獻標志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20230882
Correlation study between high altitude IBS and intestinal barrier damage, inflammatory mediators and neurotransmitters
ZHANG Xingguang1, WANG Bangmao2, LIU Taotao1, ZHANG Wencheng1, DONG Yanmei1,
LI Xiaoqing1, NIU Haiyan1, XIA Shihai1△
1 Department of Gastroenterology, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese Peoples Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China; 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
△Corresponding Author E-mail: xshhcx@sina.com
Abstract: Objective To analyzing changes of indicators related to intestinal barrier damage, neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the plateau environment, and explore the underlying pathogenesis of IBS. Methods A prospective cohort observation was conducted on 81 healthy male Han Chinese volunteers who were admitted to Lhasa of Tibe from plain. The study lasted for one year. During the one-year follow-up, 13 patients who developed IBS (Rome Ⅳ) were selected as the study subjects. Additionally 11 participants who remained healthy were randomly selected as the control group (named NC). Eleven participants who entered Lhasa from plain within one week and did not develop acute mountain sickness were randomly selected as the NC early group. Serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the end of the follow-up period, colonoscopy and intestinal mucosal biopsy were performed in 9 cases of IBS, while colonoscopy was performed in 4 cases of NC. Results Colonoscopy and pathological results of IBS patients in plateau environment suggested mild inflammation of intestinal mucosa. Compared to the NC early group, the NC group showed increased levels of 5-HT, DAO, I-FABP, IL-6, IL-17A and LPS at 3 months after entering Lassa, and increased levels of 5-HT, I-FABP, IL-6, and LPS at 6 months (P<0.05). Compared with the NC group, the IBS group showed decreased levels of 5-HT and LPS at 3 months after entering Lhasa (P<0.05). Serological indexes of NC group at 6 months were lower than those at 3 months in the NC group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in serological indexes at 3 and 6 months of the IBS group. Conclusion Indicators of intestinal mucosal barrier damage, neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators might be involved in the development of IBS in plateau environment.
Key words: irritable bowel syndrome; serotonin; fatty acid-binding proteins; interleukin 6; plateau environment
腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)為常見的功能性胃腸道疾病,高原環(huán)境能夠導致IBS發(fā)生率升高及腸道菌群失調,但其機制不明[1]。高原環(huán)境暴露會導致小鼠結腸腔內氧濃度下降,進而損傷小鼠結腸組織屏障的完整性,同時炎性介質干擾素(IFN)-γ、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α和白細胞介素(IL)-6水平升高[2]。一項模擬高原環(huán)境并采用糞便菌群移植方法和抗生素雞尾酒療法的動物實驗證實,腸道菌群失調破壞了腸黏膜屏障,最終誘發(fā)并加劇了腸道損傷[3]。另一組模擬高原動物實驗顯示,低氧能促進抗菌肽血管生成素-4的分泌,增加脫硫弧菌屬(Desulfovibrio)的豐度;而脫硫弧菌屬的磷脂代謝產物可被腸上皮細胞的CD1d呈遞,誘導產生IL-17A的γδT細胞增殖,加重腸損傷[4]。高原環(huán)境下的IBS發(fā)生率較高,與腸道菌群失調相關,腸屏障損傷、神經遞質及炎性介質是否影響其發(fā)生機制目前尚未明確。本文通過前瞻性隊列研究,從神經遞質、炎性介質及腸屏障損傷等方面對高原環(huán)境下IBS發(fā)生的可能機制進行初步探討,為高原IBS的預防及治療提供參考。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 按照團體編制系列,選擇2020年9月自平原(海拔<500 m)進入西藏拉薩(海拔>3 600 m)的92例男性漢族健康志愿者,年齡(20.20±1.61)歲,對其進行為期1年的觀察。81例完成隨訪,其中診斷IBS(羅馬Ⅳ)13例,其他非特異性胃腸道癥狀者12例,健康者56例。將13例IBS患者作為IBS組,從健康者中隨機抽取11例作為對照組(NC組)。由于IBS組和NC組未采集到進入拉薩時的早期數據,另外從2021年3月自平原進入拉薩1周內且未發(fā)生急性高山病(acute mountain sickness,AMS)的男性漢族健康志愿者中隨機抽取11例作為NC早期組一同納入研究。本研究通過武警特色醫(yī)學中心倫理委員會審核批準(編號2021-0015.1),獲得參與者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 診斷、納入及排除標準 IBS診斷標準:癥狀出現至少6個月,近3個月平均每周至少發(fā)作1次腹痛;伴有以下2項及以上:(1)與排便相關。(2)排便頻率有改變。(3)糞便性狀外觀改變。納入標準:(1)團體編制系列人員。(2)參與集體管理,生活作息、工作、學習、訓練強度及時間相同。(3)調查資料完整及血清學標本合格者。排除標準:(1)近3個月內有益生菌或抗生素藥物史。(2)研究前既往做過結腸鏡檢查,間斷使用瀉藥、大便軟化劑或止瀉藥等。
1.3 指標檢測 (1)血清學指標檢測。IBS組和NC組在進入拉薩后的第3、6個月及NC早期組在入拉薩后1周內,清晨空腹采集受檢者靜脈血3~5 mL,3 000 r/min離心10 min,收集上清液,采用酶聯免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)檢測患者血清腸黏膜屏障損傷指標[二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)和腸脂肪酸結合蛋白(intestinal fatty acid binding protein,I-FABP)]、神經遞質5羥色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)及炎性介質IL-6、IL-17A及脂多糖(LPS)水平,ELISA試劑盒均購自江蘇酶免實業(yè)有限公司,酶標分析儀型號為Rayto RT-6100,按照各試劑盒說明書進行操作。(2)腸鏡檢查及腸黏膜病理活檢。在第12個月的隨訪中,IBS中有9例參與者完成腸鏡檢查并行腸黏膜病理活檢,NC組中有4例行腸鏡檢查,未行病理活檢。腸道清腸采用3 L聚乙二醇電解質散的分次劑量方案,腸道清潔質量達到波士頓腸道準備評分量表(Boston bowel preparation scale,BBPS)6分以上方可進行腸鏡檢查[5]。設備采用奧林巴斯CF-Q1501電子結腸鏡進行檢查,采用一次性活檢鉗取腸黏膜標本送檢。
1.4 統計學方法 采用SPSS 22.0軟件進行數據分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以均數±標準差([x] ±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,方差齊者組間多重比較行LSD-t檢驗,方差不齊者組間多重比較行Tamhane檢驗。組內不同時點比較采用配對t檢驗;計數資料以例表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 各組人群基線特征比較 3組間年齡、體質量指數(BMI)及學歷的差異無統計學意義,NC早期組睡眠時間長于IBS組和NC組(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 IBS組和NC組腸鏡下黏膜表現 IBS組腸鏡下表現為腸黏膜輕度炎癥(圖1A、B),而NC組腸黏膜表現大致正常(圖1C、D)。從整體上來看,高原缺氧環(huán)境下,參與者的腸黏膜均可見細微的水腫表現,而相對于NC組,IBS組的腸黏膜炎癥表現更加嚴重。
2.3 IBS組腸黏膜病理表現 鏡下可見腺體呈管狀,間質可見淋巴細胞,局部淋巴細胞呈團狀,提示慢性炎癥表現,見圖2。
2.4 IBS組和NC組不同時點與NC早期組血清學指標的比較 (1)組間比較。與NC早期組比較,NC組進入拉薩后3個月時5-HT、DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平及6個月時5-HT、I-FABP、IL-6和LPS水平均升高,IBS組進入拉薩后3、6個月6項血清學指標均升高(P<0.05);與NC組比較,IBS組進入拉薩后3個月時5-HT和LPS水平降低(P<0.05),DAO、I-FABP、IL-6和IL-17A水平差異無統計學意義,IBS組進入拉薩后6個月時DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平均升高(P<0.05),5-HT水平差異無統計學意義。(2)組內比較。NC組進入拉薩后6個月時6項血清學指標均較3個月時降低(P<0.05);IBS組進入拉薩后3個月與6個月時6項血清學指標差異均無統計學意義。見表2。
3 討論
高原地區(qū)炎癥性腸病腸鏡下表現多以炎癥為主,91.9%的患者鏡下可見黏膜充血水腫,與缺氧環(huán)境對腸黏膜屏障損傷相關[6]。研究認為,IBS患者結腸鏡下除結腸袋消失、腸腔扭曲及粘合的表現外,腸黏膜基本正常[7]。而另有研究發(fā)現,結腸輕中度慢性炎癥與IBS的發(fā)生相關,病理多表現為以淋巴細胞為主的慢性炎性細胞浸潤[8]。本研究中,高原環(huán)境下IBS患者腸鏡下表現為黏膜充血、水腫,病理提示慢性炎癥表現,進一步表明高原環(huán)境可誘發(fā)IBS患者的腸黏膜炎癥損傷。
本研究結果顯示,NC組和IBS組進入拉薩后3、6個月時,其LPS水平均高于NC早期組;IBS組進入拉薩后3個月時的LPS水平低于NC組,進入拉薩后6個月時的LPS水平高于NC組;NC組進入拉薩后6個月時LPS水平較3個月時降低,提示LPS水平受到高原環(huán)境的影響,LPS在高原IBS的發(fā)生中可能發(fā)揮重要作用。有研究發(fā)現,IBS患者血清中可檢測到抗鞭毛蛋白抗體和抗脂質A抗體,可能與腸屏障損傷和通透性改變相關[9]。一項納入了45項研究、包括21 421例腸炎患者的薈萃分析[10]發(fā)現,患感染性腸炎后的12個月內IBS的總患病率為10.1%(95%CI:7.2~14.1),為未患感染性腸炎者的4.2倍(95%CI:3.1~5.7)。王曉輝等[11]調查發(fā)現,既往有痢疾及急性胃腸炎病史的人群發(fā)展為IBS的相對危險度分別為2.567和1.361。急性胃腸炎患者8年后發(fā)生IBS的風險仍高于未患病者(OR=3.12,95%CI:1.99~5.04)[12]。感染后IBS(post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome,PI-IBS)的病因可能涉及神經遞質釋放、淋巴細胞浸潤、炎性介質釋放及腸道菌群失調等[13]。
有研究發(fā)現,與健康對照組相比,IBS組IL-6水平升高,表明IBS可能存在低度的炎癥反應[14]。PI-IBS患者的血清及回盲部和直腸黏膜中IL-17A水平升高[15]。另有研究發(fā)現IBS患者有直腸黏膜炎癥異常及IL-17水平的升高[16]。一項采用旋毛蟲感染C57BL/6小鼠建立PI-IBS的模型顯示,回腸中IL-17水平顯著升高[17]。以上研究提示IL-17在黏膜炎癥和免疫相關疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用[18]。IL-17A是IL-17的一個亞型,主要由Th17細胞分泌,可刺激上皮細胞產生IL-6,從而發(fā)揮促炎效應[19]。有研究顯示,IBS-D患者IL-6水平高于正常組,其大量釋放從而激活免疫反應可能與IBS患者的癥狀和焦慮程度相關[20]。本研究顯示,與NC早期組比較,NC組進入拉薩后3個月時的IL-6和IL-17A及6個月時的IL-6水平均升高,IBS組進入拉薩后3、6個月時的IL-6和IL-17A水平均升高;IBS組進入拉薩后6個月時的IL-6和IL-17A水平均高于NC組;NC組進入拉薩后6個月時的IL-6和IL-17A水平較3個月時降低,提示高原環(huán)境會導致炎性因子水平升高,且在IBS中更為顯著,可能原因是高原環(huán)境導致腸道損傷,出現腸道炎癥及免疫激活,繼而釋放炎性因子,誘導腸道炎癥及黏膜免疫。因此,炎性因子IL-6及IL-17A可能在高原IBS的病因機制中發(fā)揮重要作用。
I-FABP為小腸上皮細胞中分子質量為15 ku的胞漿蛋白,參與攝取和運輸極性脂類,并與腸黏膜損傷相關。研究發(fā)現,I-FABP與腸黏膜損傷程度呈正相關,并在腸黏膜缺血早期即可檢出[21]。IBS存在腸屏障通透性改變[22],與上皮結構異常、黏膜免疫激活和微生物失調等有關[23]。IBS不同亞型中I-FABP存在差異,研究發(fā)現I-FABP在PI-IBS中濃度最高[24]。DAO是一種含脫氨腐胺和組胺的細胞內酶,主要分布在哺乳動物的小腸黏膜/纖毛上皮細胞中。研究發(fā)現血清DAO和I-FABP在胃腸道早期損傷時出現升高,且水平高低與損傷程度相關[25]。與對照組相比,IBS中DAO水平升高[26]。本研究中,IBS組和NC組中I-FABP均高于NC早期組,NC組進入拉薩后6個月時I-FABP水平較3個月時降低,IBS組進入拉薩后6個月時I-FABP水平高于NC組。NC組DAO在進入拉薩3個月時最高,在6個月時降至接近NC早期組水平;IBS組進入拉薩后3、6個月DAO均高于NC早期組。因此提示高原環(huán)境能夠導致腸黏膜屏障損傷,且在IBS中更為明顯,推測腸黏膜屏障損傷可能在高原環(huán)境下IBS發(fā)病中有重要作用。
腦-腸-微生物軸的失調為IBS的一個主要病因,而5-HT作為連接腸道微生物和大腦的關鍵神經遞質,能夠影響胃腸動力、痛覺、黏膜炎癥、免疫反應和大腦活動[27],這可能解釋了IBS的部分癥狀[28]。與健康對照組相比,IBS組中5-HT水平顯著增高[14]。結腸5-HT水平升高可導致IBS的腹瀉和內臟的超敏反應[29]。特異性5-HT受體拮抗劑作為心理應激的藥物已在IBS中表現出臨床效果[30]。本研究中,IBS組和NC組中5-HT水平均高于NC早期組;NC組5-HT水平在進入拉薩6個月時相比3個月時降低,提示高原環(huán)境下神經遞質5-HT的變化可能在高原IBS的發(fā)病中發(fā)揮重要作用。
綜上所述,高原缺氧環(huán)境對神經遞質、炎性介質和腸黏膜屏障損傷具有顯著影響,其在高原IBS病因機制中可能發(fā)揮重要作用。
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(2023-06-13收稿 2023-09-12修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)