摘要 便秘是臨床常見癥狀,常繼發于藥物或其他疾病。多種常見藥物如鎮痛藥、抗膽堿能藥、5?羥色胺受體拮抗劑等可誘發便秘,即藥物性便秘。本文就誘發便秘的常見藥物進行分類,對其藥理機制、分型、相關臨床試驗和動物實驗數據進行分析總結,以指導臨床醫師通過調整藥物或用藥途徑、改變生活方式以及合理使用瀉劑或外周作用的μ?阿片受體拮抗劑等方式進行藥物性便秘的防治。
關鍵詞 便秘; 藥物; 預防; 治療
Drug?induced Constipation: Summarization of Common Drugs Causing Constipation and Strategies for Prevention and Treatment KANG Ying1,2, WANG Meifeng2, TANG Yurong2, WANG Fangyu1, LIN Lin2. 1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing (210002); 2Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
Correspondence to: LIN Lin, Email: lin9100@aliyun.com
Abstract Constipation is a common clinical symptom, often secondary to drugs or other disorders. Various common drugs such as analgesics, anticholinergic drugs, 5?hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists, etc., can induce constipation, namely drug?induced constipation. This article categorized the common drugs that trigger constipation, analyzed and summarized the pharmacological mechanisms, classification, relevant clinical trials and animal experiment data, in order to guide clinicians in the prevention and treatment of drug?induced constipation through adjusting drugs or administration routes, modifying lifestyles, and using laxatives or peripherally acting μ?opioid receptor antagonists rationally.
Key words Constipation; Drugs; Prevention; Therapy
便秘是一種常見的臨床癥狀,通常表現為排便困難、排便次數減少或糞便干硬[1]。慢性便秘可以分為原發性便秘和繼發性便秘。繼發性便秘發生的主要原因包括藥物和器質性疾病,而藥物性便秘則由藥物所引發[2]。在治療便秘時,臨床醫師應首先對誘發便秘的常見藥物有充分的認識,仔細詢問患者的用藥史,以便制定合適的治療方案。本文就消化內科和其他內科(心內科、神經內科、腫瘤內科等)常見導致便秘的藥物進行總結,以期為臨床工作者提供幫助和參考。
一、鎮痛藥
1. 阿片類藥物:阿片類藥物為罌粟中提取的生物堿和衍生物,如嗎啡、可待因等,是治療急性和慢性疼痛常用、有效的止痛藥,其胃腸道不良反應以阿片相關便秘(opioid?induced constipation, OIC)最常見且最受關注。根據羅馬Ⅳ診斷標準,OIC定義為阿片類藥物開始用藥、更改方案或增加劑量后出現或加重的便秘,不使用瀉藥時極少有松散糞便,且便秘癥狀需符合功能性便秘診斷標準[3]。……