城鎮化背景下土地財政對城鄉收入差距的影響

[摘 要：縮小城鄉收入差距對促進全體人民共同富裕具有重要意義。文章通過模型構建實證檢驗城鎮化背景下土地財政對城鄉收入差距的影響。研究發現：提高土地財政會擴大城鄉收入差距，其擴大效應在東中西部對城鄉收入差距的影響依次增加；同時，城鎮化還會強化土地財政擴大城鄉收入差距的效應，但提高城鎮化本身則可以縮小城鄉收入差距；土地財政在影響城鄉收入差距過程中還存在城鎮化的門檻特征，在城鎮化率較高階段，提高土地財政而擴大城鄉收入差距的效應弱于城鎮化率較低階段；土地財政還存在空間溢出效應，對相鄰省份的城鄉收入差距也有擴大效應。研究建議穩步提高城鎮化率，統籌土地財政資源，加大財政涉農支出比例，進而縮小城鄉收入差距。

關鍵詞：城鄉收入差距；土地財政；城鎮化

中圖分類號：F812.8；F124.7 " " 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1007-5097（2023）07-0011-11 ]

Abstract：Narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas is of great significance to promoting the common prosperity of all people. This paper empirically tests the impact of land finance on the urban-rural income gap in the context of urbanization through model construction. Research has found that increasing land finance will expand the urban-rural income gap，and its widening effect gradually increases between the eastern，central，and western regions；at the same time，urbanization will also strengthen the effect of land finance on expanding the urban-rural income gap，but increasing urbanization itself can narrow the urban-rural income gap；there is still a threshold characteristic of urbanization in the process of land finance affecting the urban-rural income gap. In the stage of high urbanization rate，the effect of increasing land finance to expand the urban-rural income gap is weaker than that in the stage of low urbanization rate；there is also a spatial spillover effect in land finance，which has a widening effect on the urban-rural income gap in neighboring provinces. This research suggests steadily increasing the urbanization rate，coordinating the land financial resources，increasing the proportion of fiscal expenditure related to agriculture，and thereby narrowing the urban-rural income gap.

Key words：urban-rural income gap；land finance；urbanization

一、引言與文獻綜述

我國城鎮化率從1978年的18%上升至2021年的65%，過去40多年經歷了世界上人口最大規模的城鎮化過程。諾貝爾經濟學獎得主約瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨（Joseph Eugene Stiglitz）指出，21世紀影響人類發展的兩大關鍵因素，一是美國的高科技，二是中國的城鎮化。城鎮化不僅對我國經濟發展具有重要意義，對世界經濟發展也具有深遠影響。在城鎮化發展過程中，我國居民收入獲得快速提高，1999年和2022年《中國統計年鑒》顯示，我國城鄉人均收入分別從1978年的343.4元和133.6元增加至2021年的47 411.9元和18 930.9元，雖然城鄉收入獲得大幅增長，但2021年城鄉居民人均收入比值為2.5。……