土遺址病害研究新進展與展望

孫滿利　陳彥榕　沈云霞

內容摘要：我國土遺址資源豐富，“十一五”以來，開展了大量土遺址病害研究，取得了重要進展。系統總結梳理了“十一五”以來土遺址病害研究的新進展，結果表明：干旱區土遺址病害認識逐步深入，分類體系逐步形成，但系統性、區域性規律的總結與研究以及潮濕地區土遺址病害研究相對較少;新技術在土遺址調查中發揮的作用和效果還不明顯，調查手段急需取得較大突破;土遺址病害機理研究不斷深入，但多以定性和單因素作用機制研究為主，研究方法急需突破。定量劣化過程機制和多因素耦合作用機制研究將會成為土遺址保護技術研發的突破口。

關鍵詞：土遺址;保護;病害;機理

中圖分類號：K854.3;K878.8? 文獻標識碼：A? 文章編號：1000-4106（2022）02-0136-13

New Progress and Prospects in Research on Earthen Site Deterioration

SUN Manli CHEN Yanrong SHEN Yunxia

（College of Cultural Heritage， Northwest University， Xi’an， Shaanxi 710127）

Abstract：Since the eleventh Five-Year Plan， a great deal of research on earthen site deterioration has been carried out in Chinaand important progresshas been achieved. This paper systematically summarizes these new findings and takes a brief look at promising areas for further research. （1） The understanding of earthen site deterioration in arid areas has been gradually deepened， and aclassification system for types of erosion has now been formed; （2） less research has been undertaken to summarize and study systematic and regional patternsof deterioration， particularly in the case of humid environments; （3） the role and effect of new technologies in the investigation of earthen sites is not yet clear and major breakthroughs in investigative methods are urgently needed; （4） research on the chemical mechanisms of earthen site deterioration has made significant progress， but most researchhas focusedon qualitative，single factor mechanisms， and breakthroughs in research methodology are sorely needed. The authors believe that research on the mechanisms that drive the process ofquantitative deterioration and on multifactor coupling mechanisms will provide the next major breakthroughs for the research and development of earthen siteconservation technologies.

Keywords：earthen sites; conservation; deterioration; mechanism

我國土遺址具有規模大、分布廣、數量多等特點。土遺址的建筑形式和建造技法多樣，主要有直接夯筑或版筑、生土挖造、土坯或土塊砌筑、垛泥砌筑和木骨泥墻等。據統計，我國已公布的八批全國重點文物保護單位中，土遺址共1251處（圖1），涉及古遺址、古墓葬、古建筑、近現代重要史跡及代表性建筑等多類文物，其中古遺址占絕大多數。土遺址病害的研究是土遺址保護工作的基礎，“十一五”以來，隨著土遺址保護工作的持續開展，學界圍繞土遺址病害展開了深入研究，取得了系列成果，豐富了土遺址病害基礎研究的理論和方法，為土遺址保護技術的研發與集成提供了堅實的基礎。

一 土遺址病害調查與研究