Scar-centered dilation in the treatment of large keloids

lNTRODUCTlON

Keloid treatment has always been a major problem for surgeons[1,2]. Keloids are caused by fibroblast proliferation disorders during wound healing[1,3]. Current treatments mainly include topical or oral drugs, surgical treatment, radiotherapy, and laser therapy. Specifically, these include topical(tape/ointment) and injectable adrenocorticotropic hormones, compression therapy and silica gel(application of bandages, stents, plastic clothes, among others), surgical resection, sutures, surgical resection after skin graft or flap reconstruction, and postoperative radiotherapy, among other treatments[5]. Drug injections can be used to treat small keloids, while surgical resection and superficial radiotherapy are often used to treat large keloids[5-7]. However, it is often difficult to resect keloids with large areas directly by surgery[8,9].

例4:“And if you do,then we must accept the result and then look to the future.”（Hillary Clinton，2016）

In 1979, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons officially recognized expander therapy was initiated in 1976, and officially recognized skin dilation as a form of expander therapy, and it has since been widely used[10,11]. Skin dilation, which entails embedding an expander and continuously pumping water to expand the normal skin and increase the area, can be used to repair skin lesions. The method is advantageous as it avoids donor site injury, has a good repair effect, and ensures the color and texture of the flap match the recipient area. Therefore, expanders have been widely used to treat hypertrophic scars and keloids in recent decades[12,13]. However, previously reported methods involved burying the expander near the scar. During skin dilation, the expanded skin flap must be rotated or pushed to repair skin lesions; thus, an auxiliary incision is needed. For patients with scar constitution, a new incision means there is a possibility for new keloid formation.

In this study, we describe a new method for treating large keloids that minimizes the need for a new surgical incision, thereby reducing the chances of new keloid formation. In this method, a direct incision was made on the keloid to form an expander bag with a capsule cavity that includes the keloid and the surrounding normal skin. After full expansion, the keloid was directly excised and the expanded flaps were pulled together and sutured linearly, minimizing the need for a new surgical incision.

MATERlALS AND METHODS

Before surgical treatment, a detailed medical history was obtained, and a physical examination was performed for each patient. The size and shape of the custom expanders were designed based on the lesion site and the shape of the surrounding normal skin. Each custom expander was 2.5 times the diameter of the lesion.

The skin expander was implanted during the first surgery stage. The patient was placed under general anesthesia, and the surgical sites were routinely disinfected. An incision, the length of the long axis of the scar, was made along the midline of the scar. The incision was not extended beyond the boundary of the scar. Based on the customized expander, the boundary of the separated expansion cavity was marked with Meilan. The boundary usually exceeded the shape of the expander by 1 cm. The full-thickness of scar tissue was cut with a blade, and taking care to maintain a uniform vertical section,the subcutaneous fat was cut down to the surface of the myometrium, and the cavity separated from the surface of the muscular membrane. During separation, the perforating vessels were electro-coagulated or ligated. The separated cavity was 1 cm wider than the boundary of the customized expander to ensure that the expander could be fully expanded without folding after implantation. Separation of the injection pot cavity and pot mouth position and the injection pot from the expansion of the capsule cavity 10 cm was done. To achieve hard support, we ensured that the bottom of the pot was at the appropriate depth, it was easy to touch on the body surface, and the expansion was optimal. Prior to placing the expander in the separated cavity, we ensured that it had no leaks. We also checked the chassis position, flattened the expander, and placed the injection bottle that was inserted in the drainage tube in the separated cavity. We were careful not to puncture the expander during suturing.

The wound dressing was changed routinely on the second day after surgery, and the drainage tube was removed when the drainage volume was less than 20 mL (this volume was based on the size of the embedded expander and was estimated based on clinical experience). The suture was removed on the 14day after the first surgery, and a small amount of water was injected into the cavity twice per week.The volume injected was 10% of the designed capacity of the expander; however, this was not always the case. We paid special attention to the color and tension of the expanded flap and the sensation of pain around the flap area. Therefore, if the patient was obviously uncomfortable, the tension of the flap was too high, or the color of the flap was white, the water infusion was stopped, and the site of injection was monitored over time. When the expander was filled with water to 3-4 times its designed volume,the second stage surgery to remove the keloid was commenced. Prior to initiating the second surgery,the size of the expanded flap was measured to determine whether the normal skin on both sides of the scar was sufficient to cover the chassis.

城市要打造獨特鮮明的形象，在進行文化營銷時需要思考自身的文化資源優勢，這可以從多方面進行深入挖掘，筆者僅選取其中三個比較重要的方面進行闡述，分析對這些文化資源開發與利用的策略。

During the second-stage surgery, the expander was removed, the scar excised, and the expanded flap repaired. To achieve this, an incision was made along the scar boundary to remove the lesion from the normal tissue completely and remove the expander and injection pot. While paying attention to the treatment of both sides of the flap, the flaps were pulled towards the midline of the incision and sutured, and an appropriate drainage tube was inserted. A multi-layer tension-reduction cosmetic suture using one silk suture was required. The bottom of the flap was tethered to the rib periosteum while ensuring that there was no tension in the suture. A full subcutaneous reduction was required in patients with scar constitution.

This method was performed through a keloid incision and with a custom expander embedded. After full expansion, the keloid was directly resected using a linear suture, which avoids new surgical incisions and scars and can successfully remove large-area keloids. The treatment is effective, providing new insights and strategies for the treatment of similar large-area keloid and hypertrophic scar cases in the future.

RESULTS

The expander size ranged from 100-800 mL. The final expansion size was between 320 and 2400 mL.The water injection interval was 2 d, and each injection volume was 10% of the design capacity. When the tension of the flap was too high, a smaller volume could be injected. Expansion time in March-May,and an average of April. Representative patient cases are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Total nine patients underwent keloid repair surgery, which was conducted in two stages between 2018 and 2021. In the first stage, customized expanders were implanted under the scars, and in the second stage, scar resection and expanded skin flap repair were performed. Due to the different shapes of the keloids, the customized expanders used were also different (Table 1).

光伏發電設備安裝及維護成本400元/m2（石家莊本地市場調查）；發電功率100W/m2（石家莊本地市場調查）；樓頂可利用面積350m2/單元（根據對各個小區的詢問與考察）；國家收購電價0.85元/度（《能源發展戰略行動計劃（2014-2020）》國務院辦公廳國辦發〔2014〕31號）；最少可利用日照時間5h/天（石家莊本地實際調查并計算）；設備平均使用壽命25年（保守20年，以下按20年）。

The size of the keloids ranged from 2 cm × 5 cm to 15 cm × 13 cm in surgical patients (Table 1). The expansion time and designated volume of the customized expander were 3-5 mo (mean, 4 mo), and 100-800 mL (mean, 500 mL), respectively. The total volume of water injected ranged from 320-2400 mL(average, 1452 mL). Keloids were completely removed, and the surgery resulted in a linear scar. One patient had a long-term unhealed wound in the anterior chest for half a year after scar resection and radiotherapy. In this patient, the wound was directly reopened and re-sutured without further radiotherapy. This treatment resulted in smooth healing of the wound without keloid recurrence.

DlSCUSSlON

Keloid-centered expansion has replaced traditional para-scar expansion. The main advantages are as follows: (1) Incisions are made in hypertrophic scars or keloids, and the wound has a strong tensile strength. This is because the healing surface includes thick scar tissue and the underlying adipose tissue.Therefore, in the process of expansion, incision dehiscence does not occur; (2) Unlike the traditional method in which the expander is embeddedan incision in the normal skin, this method of incision in the scar area will not add any new surgical scars, which is particularly important for people with a scar physique and does not require a new drainage tube incision. Furthermore, a previous report hasconfirmed that a scar within the vicinity of the incision will not cause keloid hyperplasia[17]; and (3)During the expansion process, keloids stop developing and even partially subside due to pressure compression. This phenomenon has not been previously reported.

To repair a particular area of a keloid, custom-designed expanders are required. The diameter of a normal skin expander should be 2-3 times the keloid diameter. After expansion, the scar can be successfully removed, and the wound successfully closed. If the normal skin area to be expanded is too small, even after expansion, there will not be sufficient normal skin, and the tension will be too high to remove the scar completely when closing.

The method of implanting the expandera scar incision, as described in this report, effectively reduces the risk of additional scarring, which is a significant advantage. In addition, during the expansion process, the pressure achieved with water injection plays a role in compressing the keloids.According to clinical observations, skin expansion under keloids can prevent and reverse the pathological progress of keloids. This is another significant advantage of the keloid-centered expansion approach. After the second-stage operation to remove the lesion, the flaps were directly sutured. The resulting linear incision prevents the need for an auxiliary incision. Compared with the pedicle flap and free flap, the technical requirements and accuracy of the keloid-centered expansion approach are superior.

In this study, one patient presented with two keloids, and satisfactory results were achieved for both keloids with the keloid-centered expansion approach. In another patient, the case was complicated by poor wound healing for half a year, which manifested as epidermal erosion, exudation, and crusting.After extensive subcutaneous separation and re-suturing, the wound healed successfully. The wound healed poorly in this patient because the surgical tension was concentrated at the incision, which caused the scar at the incision to widen continuously under tension traction, and this wound was associated with the radiotherapy area. To avoid such complications, attention should be paid to the selection of an appropriate multi-gradient tension suture (specifically a flap deep and periosteum tension suture), in addition to the need for subcutaneous tension suture. This prevents the concentration of the flap tension on the wound.

In this study, postoperative radiotherapy consisted of 20 Gy, continuous irradiation for 4-5 d, starting from the first day after surgery. A 4-5 Gy linear accelerator electron beam radiotherapy can penetrate 2-3 mm below the skin[18,19].

All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.

當然，新技術將繼續出現，其中一些技術可能會有助于信息和權力的分配，而不是集中。區塊鏈技術以及其所導致的加密貨幣的使用就被吹捧為對集權的一種平衡。但是區塊鏈技術還處于萌芽階段，我們還不知道它是否真的能抵消人工智能的集中化趨勢。請記住，互聯網在其早期也被炒作為自由意志的靈丹妙藥，它將人們從所有的集中系統中解放出來，但現在它正使得中央集權比以往任何時候都更加強大。

From this study of surgical patients, we present a new method, keloid-centered expansion, that we believe can successfully remove large keloids and have good prospects for healing since this method prevents the need for auxiliary incisions and reduces the risk for the formation of new keloids. The sequence of events associated with this method includes scar incision, customized expander implantation, skin expansion to remove the keloid, formation of a single linear suture incision, followed by postoperative radiotherapy.

展會注重與行業協會緊密合作，浙江省環保機械行業協會、宜興市環保產業協會等多家與主辦方長期合作的行業協會將為展會帶來更多優質的污水處理設備廠商新面孔。浙江省大型環境工程公司、浙江海拓環境技術有限公司、浙江四通環境工程有限公司、浙江弘潤機械制造有限公司、浙江愛迪曼水科技有限公司等早已確定集體出展，向專業觀眾展示最新處理技術和解決方案。

CONCLUSlON

The expansion process to achieve keloid compression effectively prevents the progression of keloids.However, there is also a risk of complications. After the expansion, the tension at the incision is large,and since the scar is around the incision, there is a high risk of skin damage. Therefore, after the secondstage surgery, the probability of healing is low. To mitigate this risk, a deep tension-reduction suture should be considered.

ARTlCLE HlGHLlGHTS

FOOTNOTES

Xie F designed this retrospective study; Wu M wrote the manuscript; Gu JY, Duan R, and Wei WX were responsible for sorting the data.

This study was approved by the Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Institutional Review Board.

In the method described in this report, the surgical incision was simple, and no auxiliary incisions were required. Previous expander transfer methods included propulsion and rotation methods. An auxiliary incision is required to fully expand a hemispherical expanded flap using those methods. In this study, the expander was in the central part of the scar; thus, no auxiliary incision was needed.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

No additional data are available.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BYNC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is noncommercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

China

Min Wu 0000-0001-5462-6920; Jie-Yu Gu 0000-0001-8794-9208; Ran Duan 0000-0001-9429-0501; Bo-Xuan Wei 0000-0003-2363-2759; Feng Xie 0000-0003-3322-7271.

Wang JL

A

擴大出境電子商務試驗區的規模，鼓勵與支持更多的企業走出去，為促使跨境電商物流的進一步發展，制定一系列的惠及進出口政策鼓勵。政府可以在技術上給予支持，這對跨境電子商務及物流平臺是極為重要的，跨境電商物流在技術方面發展由政府提供技術的提高是非常有必要的。

Wang JL