





[摘要]目的通過Meta分析探討精神分裂癥病人的共情維度特點。方法在PubMed、APA PsycInfo、Science Direct(含Elsevier)和Springer Link數據庫中檢索精神分裂癥病人共情的文獻,由兩名研究人員按照統一標準獨立篩選文獻、提取資料并評價納入文獻質量。采用Rev Man 5.3軟件分析精神分裂癥病人共情水平。結果共納入23篇文獻,共測量6 577人,其中精神分裂癥3 337人,健康對照3 240人。共情的4個維度中觀點采納(23項研究,n=1 878,標準化均數差(SMD)=-0.56,95%CI=-0.70~-0.43,Plt;0.01)、幻想(18項研究,n=1 167,SMD=-0.25,95%CI=-0.41~-0.10,Plt;0.01)和移情關注(21項研究,n=1 736,SMD=-0.21,95%CI=-0.34~-0.08,P<0.05)等3個維度水平均低于正常對照組,而個人痛苦(22項研究,n=1 676,SMD=0.74,95%CI=0.60~0.87,Plt; 0.01)水平高于對照組。結論精神分裂癥病人存在共情缺陷,在共情觀點、關注和個人幻想方面水平較低,個人痛苦感受較高。
[關鍵詞]精神分裂癥;神入;人際指針量表;Meta分析(主題)
[中圖分類號]R749.3;R181.2[文獻標志碼]A[文章編號]2096-5532(2022)02-0284-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.075[開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網絡出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220412.1535.006.html;2022-04-1409:48:18
DIMENSIONS OF EMPATHY IN SCHIZAPHRENIA PATIENTS: A META-ANALYSISCHEN Silu, JU Kang, YAN Chao, LIU Shuai," JI Weidong, YI Zhenghui(East China Normal University Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the features of empathy in patient with schizophrenia through a Meta-analysis.MethodsPubMed, APA PsycInfo, Science Direct (including Elsevier), and Springer Link were searched for the articles on empathy in patients with schizophrenia, and two researchers independently performed literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessment according to the unified standard. Rev Man 5.3 software was used to analyze the level of empathy in patient with schizophrenia.ResultsA total of 23 articles were included, and 6 577 subjects were assessed, among whom there were 3 337 patients with schizophrenia and 3 240 healthy controls. Compared with the control group in terms of the four dimensions of empathy, the schizophrenia group had significantly lower levels of perspective taking (23 studies, n=1 878;SMD=-0.56,95%CI=-0.70 to -0.43,Plt;0.01), fantasy (18 studies, n=1 167; SMD=-0.25, 95%CI=-0.41 to -0.10,Plt;0.01), and empathic concern (21 studies, n=1 736; SMD=-0.21,95%CI=-0.34 to -0.08,Plt;0.05) and a significantly higher level of personal distress (22 studies, n=1 676; SMD=0.74,95%CI=0.60-0.87,Plt;0.01).ConclusionEmpathy deficit is observed in patients with schizophrenia, with relatively low levels of perspective taking, empathic concern, and fantasy and a relatively high level of personal distress.
[KEY WORDS]schizophrenia; empathy; interpersonal reactivity index; Meta-analysis as topic
共情有著復雜的心理結構功能,是個體感知他人的情感狀態,并采取相關社會行為的反應[1]。精神分裂癥病人的共情缺陷與其陰、陽性癥狀一樣,是社會認知損害的核心癥狀之一[2]。為了更好控制各個研究的主客觀因素,本研究在共情量表(IRI)基礎上分析各個維度特點,旨在為精神分裂癥共情的評估方法提供科學參考。
1資料與方法
1.1文獻檢索策略
在Pubmed、APA PsycInfo、Science Direct(含Elsevier)和Springer Link數據庫中,檢索精神分裂癥病人共情相關研究的文獻。關鍵詞為“empathy ”(或“empathy ability”)、“schizophrenia”(或“schizophrenosis disorder”)和“Interpersonal Reactivity Index”,時間2000年1月1日—2021年6月15日。
1.2文獻納入和排除標準
納入標準:①研究類型為病例對照研究,其中按照DSM-Ⅴ(或ICD-10)標準診斷的精神分裂癥病人為病例組,健康人為對照組,病例組均排除了其他重大精神及軀體疾病;②病例組與對照組均采用相同的問卷調查;③以IRI為評估量表。排除標準:①重復發表的文獻;②非中文、英文文獻;③摘要、學位論文、書籍、評論、短評、會議論文、講座和文獻綜述等;④無法獲得分析數據的文獻;⑤中文文獻因風險偏倚質量評價較低未達到納入標準,未納入。納入研究的風險偏倚采用紐卡斯爾-渥太華文獻質量評價量表(NOS)[3]評價文獻質量。
1.3文獻篩選與資料提取
由兩名研究者獨立篩選文獻、提取數據、交叉核對,如遇分歧則與第三方協商解決。文獻資料提取包括標題、作者、發表年份、研究對象、IRI各個分量表均數和標準差等內容。IRI的4個維度如下。①觀點采納(PT):認知上自動理解他人想法的傾向;②幻想(FS):對書籍、電影或戲劇中的角色的情緒認同;③共情關注(EC):對他人情緒的關心;④個人痛苦(PD):對他人的痛苦產生的負性感受。
1.4統計學方法
采用卡方檢驗分析各研究間統計學異質性,以I2值定量判斷異質性的大小。對IRI量表的4個維度采用隨機效應模型進行亞分組分析。以量表評分標準化均數差(SMD)及95%置信區間(CI)為效應指標。采用Rev Man 5.3進行Meta分析,CMA 2.0軟件回歸分析異質性來源,Egger’s檢驗發表偏倚。
2結果
2.1文獻檢索結果及納入研究的基本特征
文獻檢索初步有1 926篇文獻符合標準,剔除重復、內容不符、對象(非人類)和方法不符、無正常對照組、僅有男性或女性、未報告結果和結果錯誤等研究的文獻,經逐層篩選后共納入23篇文獻[4-26]。23篇病例對照文獻共6 577人,其中病例組3 337人、對照組3 240人;其中,4項研究源于亞洲、12項源于歐洲、7項源于美國。各項研究的基本特征和NOS質量評分見表1。
2.2共情維度的Meta分析
2.2.1觀點采納維度的Meta分析共納入23項研究,精神分裂癥組950例,對照組928例,精神分裂癥組病人的SMD低于對照組(SMD=-0.56,95%CI=-0.70~-0.43,P=0.01),I2=45%,異質性較小。見圖1。
2.2.2幻想維度的Meta分析納入18項研究,精神分裂癥組595例,對照組572例,精神分裂癥組的SMD低于健康對照組(SMD=-0.25,95%CI=-0.41~-0.10,P<0.05),I2=39%,異質性較小。見圖2。
2.2.3移情關注維度的Meta分析經過敏感性分析去除異質性較大的研究,異質性顯著降低(I2=41%)。納入21項研究,精神分裂癥組881例,對照組855例,精神分裂癥組的SMD明顯低于對照組(SMD=-0.21,95%CI=-0.34~-0.08,P=0.03)。見圖3。
2.2.4個人痛苦維度的Meta分析納入22項研究,精神分裂癥組911例,對照組885例,精神分裂癥組的SMD高于健康對照組(SMD=0.74,95%CI=0.60~0.87,P=0.02)。I2=41%,異質性較小。見圖4。
2.2.5異質性來源和敏感性分析各研究間總體有較高的異質性(I2gt;84%),采取亞分組后異質性顯著降低,在移情關注維度,敏感性分析去除異質性較大的研究后[25],異質性顯著降低。CMA軟件回歸分析結果顯示,平均年齡(P=0.04)、病程(P=0.01)、受教育年限(P=0.04)是研究間的異質性來源。見表2。
2.2.6發表偏倚Egger’s檢驗的結果顯示,t=1.706,P=0.091,提示納入研究無明顯發表偏倚。
3討論
3.1本研究方法學質量特點
本研究的23篇文獻均符合納入標準,所需的維度分析數據報告完全。既往納入的文獻為單一隨機樣本調查研究,并未針對該領域進行整體的總結,也無統一結論。本研究采用亞分組分析各個共情維度的特點,是探索精神分裂癥共情與臨床癥狀、腦神經機制研究的重要基礎工作。
3.2共情維度是精神分裂癥共情理論的基礎
目前共情理論主流模式包括情感-知覺、認知-評價和心理理論(TOM)等[27-39]。其中IRI量表在理論模式中應用最為廣泛[40]。精神分裂癥病人共情水平與病程、陰性癥狀相關 [4,11]。本文的研究結果顯示,精神分裂癥病人個人痛苦維度水平高于健康人群,與以往文獻的研究結果一致[14],尤其是“個人痛苦”程度與陰性癥狀相關[7]。提示在未來精神分裂癥共情機制研究中,應聚焦其“個人痛苦”與腦功能機制的研究工作。
3.3腦神經功能是精神分裂癥共情機制高級中樞
精神分裂癥病人的腦功能激活、腦神經結構、腦網絡連接與臨床癥狀的關系是重要的研究內容。臨床癥狀方面,ABRAM等[41]的研究結果支持精神分裂癥的認知共情障礙和陰性癥狀的相關模型。功能激活方面,與精神分裂癥病人腦神經密切相關、特別激活的3個腦區包括楔前葉、雙側顳頂連接處和顳后上溝,大腦區域激活異常并且與其精神癥狀相關,被稱為“社會大腦” [42]。神經結構方面,MASSEY等[20]對精神分裂癥病人神經皮質厚度研究顯示,其個體在移情相關的神經區域中皮質厚度減小,而且認知移情顯著受損。功能網絡連接方面,精神分裂癥病人的腦網絡連接顯示,在右側島葉-前扣帶回-內側前額葉皮質的環路、雙側頂葉皮質的環路激活存在差異[22]。
3.4局限與展望
本研究中早期文獻樣本還存在如樣本量少、男女性別構成比差異大的局限,部分研究對陰陽性癥狀評分、受教育程度、婚姻、服藥情況等未作詳細報告,導致獲得異質性來源的結果不多。在各維度的影響因素方面,仍需不斷納入和分析更多、更新、更全面的研究數據。未來精神分裂癥共情機制的研究正在不斷整合多學科的方法技術,將促進獲得更多、更有說服力的科學數據。
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