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十里荷花九里松

2021-09-06 16:39:41司馬一民
文化交流 2021年7期

司馬一民

西湖的荷花又開了。夏日賞荷為杭州人一大趣事。西湖荷花的歷史可以上溯千年,這從古代詩(shī)人們留下的篇章中可以知道。

北宋柳永(984年—1053年),字耆卿,因排行第七,又稱柳七,崇安人,著名詞人。他寫有《望海潮》,描繪杭州“有三秋桂子,十里荷花”。

北宋宋祁(998年—1061年),字子京,安州安陸人,進(jìn)士出身,曾任翰林學(xué)士、史館修撰,與歐陽(yáng)修等合修《新唐書》。他寫有《憶與唐公游西湖》:

荷花深處放舟行,

棹觸荷珠碎又成。

莫道使君迷醉曲,

分明認(rèn)得采蓮聲。

此詩(shī)大意為,小船穿行在荷葉連天、荷花盛開的西湖中,船槳觸碰到荷葉,荷葉上的水珠散了又聚。是什么曲子讓您如此沉醉,原來是采蓮姑娘的歌聲。

北宋文同(1018年—1079年),字與可,號(hào)笑笑居士,永泰縣人,進(jìn)士出身,曾任多地知州。他與蘇軾是表兄弟,寫有《西湖荷花》:

紅苞綠葉共低昂,

滿眼寒波映碧光。

應(yīng)是西風(fēng)拘管得,

是人須與一襟香。

南宋于石(1250年—?),字介翁,號(hào)紫巖,蘭溪人,宋亡后,隱居不出。他寫有《西湖荷花有感》:

我昔扁舟泛湖去,

四望荷花浩無數(shù)。

誰家畫舫倚紅妝,

笑聲逈入花深處。

笙歌凄咽水云寒,

花色似嫌脂粉污。

夜深人靜月明中,

方識(shí)荷花有真趣。

水天倒浸碧琉璃,

凈質(zhì)芳姿澹相顧。

亭亭翠蓋擁群仙,

輕風(fēng)微顫凌波步。

酒暈潮紅淺渥唇,

膚如凝脂腰束素。

一捻香骨薄裁冰,

半破芳心嬌泣露。

湖光花氣滿衣襟,

月落波寒浸香霧。

恍然人在蕊珠宮,

便欲移家臨水住。

回首落日低黃塵,

十年不到湖山路。

花開花落幾秋風(fēng),

湖上青山自如故。

南宋蕭澥寫有《寫林和靖梅花詩(shī)后》:

西湖幽處臥煙霞,

湖里荷花匝四涯。

何事先生得佳句,

荷花卻不似梅花。

此詩(shī)大意為,西湖孤山幽靜而薄霧似煙霞,環(huán)繞孤山的湖面上四處盛開著荷花。因?yàn)槭裁词虑椋攀沟孟壬鷮懗霾幌褓p梅那樣的賞荷佳句?

由此詩(shī)我們可以知道,當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)繞孤山的湖面上四處盛開著荷花,這與楊萬里詩(shī)中描寫的孤山荷花相似。可見從北宋到南宋,孤山荷花的格局基本沒有變,孤山不僅僅只有梅花。

南宋范成大(1126年—1193年),字至能,吳縣人,進(jìn)士出身,曾任禮部員外郎兼崇政殿說書等職,寫有《己丑五月被召至行在,遇周畏知司直,和五年》:

分袂悠悠爾許年,

莫嗔蓬鬢兩蕭然。

酒槽不奈青春老,

經(jīng)笥空供白晝眠。

暗綠千章新活計(jì),

軟紅三尺舊塵緣。

相逢且作西湖客,

山繞荷花艤畫船。

明唐寅(1470年—1523年),字伯虎,吳縣人,一字子畏,明代著名畫家,與祝枝山、文徵明、周文賓并稱“江南四大才子”。他寫有《登吳王郊臺(tái)作》:

昔人筑此不論程,

今日牛羊向上行。

吳兒越女齊聲唱,

菱葉荷花無數(shù)生。

南山含雨眉俱潤(rùn),

西湖映日掌同平。

本由萬感銷非易,

詎言哀樂過群情。

西湖荷花不少,哪里最有名?大家都知道是曲院風(fēng)荷。曲院風(fēng)荷在蘇堤之右,靠北山路,為西湖十景之一,以夏日里觀風(fēng)中之荷而著名。

其實(shí),現(xiàn)在的“曲院風(fēng)荷”,南宋時(shí)稱“曲院荷風(fēng)”。“曲院”本來是一家釀制官酒的作坊,在如今的九里松東洪春橋一帶。當(dāng)時(shí),金沙澗水在這里流入西湖,釀酒師傅取金沙澗水制曲釀酒,并在湖中種植大片荷花。初夏時(shí)節(jié),清爽的湖風(fēng)吹來,荷香伴著酒香,那是別有一番風(fēng)味。

順便說一句,酒曲釀酒,是指經(jīng)過蒸煮的白米中,拌入曲霉的分生孢子,然后保溫,米粒上生長(zhǎng)出的菌絲就是酒曲。在宋代,中國(guó)酒曲的種類和制造技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟,“曲院荷風(fēng)”當(dāng)時(shí)是官家管理釀酒的處所。

南宋汪元量(1241年—1317年),字大有,號(hào)水云,錢塘人,南宋宮廷琴師。他寫的《西湖舊夢(mèng)》,可以當(dāng)作注解來讀:

南高峰對(duì)北高峰,

十里荷花九里松。

煙雨樓臺(tái)僧占了,

西湖風(fēng)月屬吾儂。

從詩(shī)中,我們可以得知南宋時(shí)此地荷花之盛、西湖水域之廣。

清康熙年間,為迎接皇帝巡游,官府特地在蘇堤跨虹橋畔的岳湖里引種荷花,增設(shè)水榭樓臺(tái),并請(qǐng)人彈奏秦漢古曲。康熙賞荷聽曲,欣然題字“曲院風(fēng)荷”。咸豐末年,“曲院風(fēng)荷”毀于兵火。1980年起,從原有的“曲院風(fēng)荷”,沿岳湖延伸到楊公堤臥龍橋畔的郭莊,擴(kuò)建成一個(gè)占地面積達(dá)四百二十六畝的新景區(qū),成為現(xiàn)今最負(fù)盛名的西湖賞荷地。

(作者系杭州市政協(xié)智庫(kù)專家、杭州文史專家)

Lotus Flowers in Summer Breeze

By Sima Yimin

Summer. It is that time of the year again, when miles upon miles of lotus flowers are in full bloom in the West Lake. It is also great fun and an unofficial tradition for Hangzhou resident to enjoy and appreciate these lotus flowers. The history of the lotus flowers in the West Lake can be traced back to a thousand years ago, as can be seen in the writings of ancient poets.

Liu Yong (984-1053), born in Chongan (in present-day Fujian), was a well-known Northern Song (960-1127) poet. He established a name in the entertainment quarters in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song, where he composed songs for the sing-song girls. Liu was known for his adoption of colloquialism in his Ci poems, which was criticized by some as “vulgar”. In his Ci poem “To the Tune of ‘Watching the Tidal Bore”, he said that Hangzhou boasted “fragrant osmanthus flowers in late autumn, blooming lotus flowers for miles upon miles”.

Song Qi (998-1061), another Northern Song poet and co-author of the New History of the Tang, crooned in his poem “Reminiscing the West Lake Travels with Tanggong” how his friend was mesmerized by the lotus flowers:

A boat moves forward deep into the lotuses,

Water droplets break and regroup on the leaves.

For what melody are you so enchanted?

Ah, it must the song from the lotus-gathering girls.

Apart from them, other Song poets such as Wen Tong (1018-1079), who happened to be a cousin of Su Shis (1037-1101), Yu Shi (1250-?) and Fan Chengda (1126-1193), also penned memorable poems on lotus flowers in the West Lake. Tang Yin (1470-1523), a Ming (1368-1644) poet, also loved the scenery, writing “The sons of Wu and the daughters of Yue sing in chorus, with endless water caltrop leaves and lotus flowers in the West Lake.”

While there are tons of lotus flowers in West Lake, where are the most famous to be found? The answer, as almost everyone agrees, is the Quyuan Fenghe or “Breeze-ruffled Lotus at Winding Garden”, one of the “Ten Sceneries of the West Lake”. Located on the right of the Su Causeway, “Breeze-ruffled Lotus at Winding Garden is best known as a place for appreciating lotus flowers in the breeze – hence the name – in the summer.

Quyuan or the Winding Garden used to be an official brewery, near which a brook called Jinsha Brook (literally “Golden Sand” Brook) flew in the West Lake. The winemakers would take water from the brook, distilling it before making wine, and they also planted large swathes of lotus in the lake. In early summer, when lake breeze blew over, the fragrance of lotus flowers would mix with the aroma of wines, making it a special taste to savor. Indeed, in the Song dynasty, wine-distillation technologies in China were already quite advanced.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1654-1722) of the Qing dynasty (1616-1911), to welcome the emperor for his southern tours, the local government specially planted lotus flowers in the Yue Lake, which is part of the West Lake right beside the Su Causeway, built a waterside pavilion, and asked performers to play ancient music tunes. As Emperor Kangxi enjoyed the lotus flowers the music very much, he happily inscribed the four Chinese characters Qu Yuan Feng He on the pavilion. At the end of reign of Emperor Xianfeng (1831-1861), it was destroyed amid wars. Since 1980, the original Quyuan Fenghe has gradually expanded into a new scenic area covering 426 mu (or a little over 70 acres), and become the most famed spot around the West Lake to appreciate lotus flowers.

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