向河致敬：桑德格蘭德公園

（瑞典）托爾比約恩·安德森

克拉爾河（The Klar River） 發(fā)源于瑞典－挪威邊界的斯堪蒂納山脈（The Scandean Mountains），流經(jīng)維爾姆蘭區(qū)（Vermland District）北部森林，最后到達(dá)瑞典最大的湖泊瓦恩湖（Lake Vanern）的十二川三角洲。這條河流在瑞典中型城市卡爾斯塔德首次分支，分支處形成一個(gè)300 m長(zhǎng)的半島，從空中俯瞰其形狀像鳥的尖嘴。由瑞典建筑師西瑞勒斯·約翰遜（Cyrillus Johansson）于1927年設(shè)計(jì)和建造的維姆蘭博物館（The Vermland Museum）位于該半島的基址上，且處于城市主要街道的軸線上。博物館初建時(shí)恰好坐落于河岸邊，河床經(jīng)過(guò)1個(gè)世紀(jì)的沉積作用，形成了今天由博物館向北延伸的半島。在研究約翰遜提出的“博物館與城市中心軸線保持一致”的原始概念時(shí)，將城市軸線延伸穿過(guò)整個(gè)博物館建筑，沿著半島延伸，并使其融入幾乎無(wú)限的河景中的設(shè)計(jì)想法誕生。

瑞典風(fēng)景園林的傳統(tǒng)是將場(chǎng)地現(xiàn)狀作為設(shè)計(jì)前的重要參考。為發(fā)掘場(chǎng)所精神，“聆聽場(chǎng)地訴求”是其中的關(guān)鍵概念，這有時(shí)也被稱為“Genius Loci”。場(chǎng)地的現(xiàn)有條件提供了有可能影響未來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的寶貴信息。然而，這些信息并不總是肉眼可見的，它有著瞬息萬(wàn)變的特征，例如記憶，會(huì)隨著時(shí)間、季節(jié)、社會(huì)用途而變化。識(shí)別這類信息需要對(duì)景觀有深刻的了解。由此看來(lái)，風(fēng)景園林師不是發(fā)明家，而是講故事的人。

1 被河水包圍的半島平面圖Site plan of the peninsula surrounded by the river’s water

2 早期公園設(shè)計(jì)草圖Early sketch of the park

3 選擇提供具有季相變化的植物Plants have been selected to supply with seasonal colors

桑德格蘭德公園所在的半島是一個(gè)具有強(qiáng)大潛力與一定戲劇性的地方。然而，它已荒蕪了許多年，雖然能夠吸引人們周末常來(lái)此遛狗，但造訪者的目的性并不強(qiáng)。半島最顯著的特征就是靠近河流，在盡端沙灘匯入河流形成引人入勝的景色。而且，半島與城市的緊密聯(lián)系以及島中大量的寶貴空間都是可以加以利用的顯著特征。公園的設(shè)計(jì)概念則是將這些特征屬性放大。濱河空間被進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化，通過(guò)沿邊緣延伸的棧道系統(tǒng)將更多的社交可能性帶到了觀賞日落的西海岸。此外，以碼頭形式出現(xiàn)的4個(gè)三角形節(jié)點(diǎn)從兩側(cè)的河面伸出。并在半島尖端增加具有類似跳板特征的40 m長(zhǎng)的觀景平臺(tái)，使錐形的半島輪廓更清晰。

公園地形隨著5條平行的山脊起伏，第一個(gè)山脊高6 m，其余山脊的高度逐漸遞減。其中最長(zhǎng)的山脊規(guī)劃約有100 m長(zhǎng)，從而使該半島具有了大尺度的空間。這些山脊的設(shè)計(jì)旨在沿山頂提供綠色景觀，并與山頂之間圍合的山谷形成空間對(duì)比。每個(gè)山谷都被設(shè)計(jì)為獨(dú)特的植物生境，例如山毛櫸森林、木蘭樹林、蕨類山谷。棲息地之間的山谷作為休息和娛樂(lè)的活動(dòng)區(qū)域，由草和低矮的花崗巖臺(tái)階標(biāo)志邊界。該設(shè)計(jì)的空間概念是利用山脊遮擋沿半島長(zhǎng)邊的視線，同時(shí)打開另一側(cè)的視線。

該項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃創(chuàng)建一個(gè)十分獨(dú)特的場(chǎng)所，從中可以欣賞周圍壯麗的景觀。桑德格蘭德公園是一個(gè)向河流獻(xiàn)禮的地方，同時(shí)也邀請(qǐng)人們來(lái)此享受四季各異的廣闊水景。

（編輯/劉昱霏）

地點(diǎn)：瑞典卡爾斯塔德

客戶：卡爾斯塔德市

設(shè)計(jì)方：托爾比約恩·安德森+斯維可建筑事務(wù)所

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)： Johan Krikstr?m、Jimmy Norrman、Emma Pettersson、 Lisa Hellberg

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)：Margaretha Diedrich、PeGe Hillinge

面積：40 000 m2

開放時(shí)間：2009年

圖片來(lái)源：圖1、2來(lái)自托爾比約恩·安德森+斯維可建筑事務(wù)所；圖3由Henrik Larsson攝影；圖4、5、7～9由?ke E:son Lindman攝影；圖6由Kasper Dudzik攝影

翻譯：來(lái)昕

校對(duì)：張雅茹

4 一些山谷向社會(huì)開放使用Some of the valleys are open and intended for social use

5 每個(gè)山谷都是具有不同植被主題的植物生境，例如蕨類山谷Each other valley is a plant habitat with different vegetation themes, for instance the fern valley

6 桑德格蘭德公園位于卡爾斯塔德市中心Sandgrund park is located centrally in the city of Karlstad

7 寬闊的木平臺(tái)與地形完美結(jié)合，將游客引導(dǎo)至水邊Wide wooden decks are stepped in terraces to bring visitors down to the water

The Klar River has its source in the Scandean Mountains on the Sweden- Norway border, then runs through the forests in northern part of the Vermland District and ends in a twelve-channelled delta at Lake Vanern, the largest lake in Sweden.The river bifurcates for the first time in the medium-sized Swedish city of Karlstad. At the point where the river splits, there is a 300-meterlong peninsula which forms what from the air looks like a bird’s pointed beak. The Vermland Museum is located at the base of the peninsula, designed and built by the Swedish architect Cyrillus Johansson in 1927. The museum was placed on the axis of the city’s main street. When first built, the museum was situated right on the shore of the river. A fluvial sand deposit has collected over the passing century,creating today’s peninsula which extends north from the museum. In studying Johansson’s original concept with the museum aligning with the city’s central axis, the idea came about to prolong the axis through the museum building, along the peninsula,and let it dissolve into the almost infinite river view.

Swedish landscape architecture has a tradition of using the existing site as a sounding board for the upcoming design. “Listen to the site” is a key concept here, trying to find the spirit of the place;or what is sometimes called Genius Loci. The existing site gives valuable input that can influence the design. This information, however, is not always visible for the eye but deals with ephemeral qualities such as memory, change over time,seasonal variety, and social use. To identify such qualities takes a profound understanding of the landscape. In this respect, the landscape architect is a storyteller rather than an inventor.

The peninsula which is the site for the Sandgrund Park is a powerful setting and a place of certain drama. Still, it had been desolated for many years, attracting weekend dog walkers but otherwise,lacking a sense of destination. The proximity to river was the most obvious feature for the peninsula, as well as the dramatic end point, where the sand fields run into the river. Also, the closeness to the city and the abundance of valuable space in a central setting were obvious properties to work with. The concept became to amplify those same qualities for the future park. Along the river’s edge, the adjacent water presence was further stressed. This happened through a system of boardwalks that extend along the rim to bring social possibilities to the western shore, facing the sunset. Also, four triangular viewpoints in the form of jetties were designed to shoot out over the river surface on both sides. The tapered end point was given a sharper profile by adding a 40-metre-long viewing platform, ending with a springboard-like feature at the very tip.

8 月光棧道使得公園在天黑后也具有游賞價(jià)值The moonlight boardwalk is intended to give the park value also after dark

9 設(shè)計(jì)利用了公園靠近水的特點(diǎn)The proximity to the water has been utilized in the design

The grounds were shaped as an undulating terrain with five parallel ridges, the first one six metres in height, and the others gradually lower. The longest ridge was planned to be about 100 meters long, the peninsula being a place for large scales.The ridges were designed to offer green viewpoints along their crests and containing closed valleys in between, creating spatial contrast. Each other valley was designed to be a distinct plant habitat, for instance a beech forest, a magnolia grove, a fern valley. The valleys between the habitats were made into activity areas for rest and play, formed by grass and low granite steps marking the contour lines.The spatial concept was that the ridges close the view along the peninsula’s length but one the other hand, open up to the sides.

The aim of the project has been to create a very special place from which to enjoy the grandeur of the surrounding landscape. The Sandgrund Park is a place that celebrates the river. It is an invitation to enjoy long water views from the land, through the variations of all seasons.

(Editor / LIU Yufei)

Location:Karlstad, Sweden

Client:City of Karlstad

Landscape Architect:Thorbj?rn Andersson+Sweco Architects

Design Team:Johan Krikstr?m, Jimmy Norrman, Emma Pettersson, Lisa Hellberg

Program Team:Margaretha Diedrichs, PeGe Hillinge

Size:40,000 m2

Opening Year:2009

Photo Credit:Fig. 1, 2?Thorbj?rn Andersson +Sweco Architects; Fig. 3?Henrik Larsson; Fig. 4,5, 7-9??ke E:son Lindman; Fig. 6?Kasper Dudzik

Translator:LAI Xin

Proofreader:ZHANG Yaru