Journal of Economics of Water Resources

StrengthofenvironmentalregulationandtechnologicalinnovationofenterprisesinTaihuLakeBasinfromperspectiveoffinancingconstraintsandtransfercosts/XU Changxin, WANG Yuzhe(Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The “Fourteenth Five-year Plan” of China puts forward the idea of “Deeply fighting the battle of pollution prevention and control” and emphasizes that “Improving the technological innovation ability of enterprises is the key to development”. For the government, how to find a balance between environmental protection and enterprise innovation to realize the green development is an important issue during the period of “Fourteenth Five-year Plan”. Based on the samples of the listed industrial enterprises in Taihu Lake Basin from 2013 to 2018, the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise innovation is investigated. The research results are as follows: ①Under the joint effects of compliance cost and innovation compensation, the relationship between local environmental regulation and enterprise innovation is U-shaped. ②For the enterprises with high financing constraints, they may not be able to bear the high risk of innovation, thus the inflection point of positive incentive of environmental regulation on enterprise innovation is higher than that of financing constraint. ③For the enterprises with high transfer costs, they cannot easily transfer to places with low emission limits, so their inflection point of U-shaped relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise innovation comes earlier than that for the enterprises with low transfer costs.

Keywords: environmental regulation; enterprise innovation; financing constraint; transfer cost; Taihu Lake Basin

EvaluationindexsystemofurbancompetitivenessinHuaiheRiverEcologicalEconomicBelt:Empiricalanalysisbasedondynamicfactormodel/CHANG Feifan(International Cooperation Center of National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing 100045, China)

Abstract: The cities in Huaihe River Ecological Economic Belt should promote green industry according to the local conditions, give full play to their own comparative advantages and strengthen regional overall complementarity and coordination to improve the high-quality development of ecological economy. By selecting 4 first-class indices of economic strength, infrastructure, environmental quality and human capital and designing 15 secondary indices such as per capita GDP, green coverage rate of built-up area, per capita road area, number of college students per 10000 people, the ranking of competitiveness of various cities is obtained using the dynamic factor analysis model considering the differences among cities and the imbalance of spatial distribution of development level. The predicted dynamic and static trends of various cities can better provide decision-making reference for planning and construction work. Finally, according the research results, some suggestions are put forward for the high-quality development of ecological economy in Huaihe River Ecological Economic Belt, including promoting green industry in various cities based on the local conditions, giving full play of their own regional advantages, fully utilizing the natural resources to develop special industry, constructing regional urban joint development mechanism, and promoting regional complementarity and coordination.

Keywords: Huaihe River; urban agglomeration; ecological economy; dynamic factor model; competitiveness

Performanceevaluationofscientificresearchinstitutionsofwaterconservancyinnewerabasedongreyclustering/YUAN Ruhua1, LIN Yao1, SHI Hongyi2, ZHU Min2, ZHU Zhenrong2, MA Bingying3, MA Chengnan1(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 2.Department of Water Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211100, China; 3.Management School of Suzhou College, Suzhou 234000, China)

Abstract: As the main force of scientific and technological innovation in the development of water conservancy, the research institutions of water conservancy need to build a complete and effective performance evaluation system for fair and scientific performance evaluation in order to implement the requirements of the national science and technology innovation management mechanism of China. A performance evaluation system is established based on the requirements of the national science and technology innovation management mechanism and the characteristics of scientific research institutions of water conservancy in the new era. The weight of each index is determined through the analytic hierarchy process, and the triangular whitening weight function in the gray clustering method is used to evaluate the performance of scientific research institutions. Taking Water Conservancy Science Institution in J Province as an example for empirical analysis, the evaluated results of performance is good, and the related suggestions are put forward to provide a basis for strengthening internal and external management and improving the index system for the performance of research institutions of water conservancy.

Keywords: research institution; water science and technology innovation; performance evaluation; grey clustering.

Researchprogressandprospectonecologicalcompensationofwater/SHI Changfeng, WANG Yanying, WU Min(Business School, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China)

Abstract: Implementing ecological compensation of water is the necessary means to balance the unequal relationship among environmental affairs and also the important measure for the national strategy of constructing ecological civilization. Through the systematical review of the relevant literatures on ecological compensation of water, the inter-basin water diversion and the intra-basin ecological compensation of water are included in the category of ecological compensation of real water, and it is summarized from multiple perspectives of compensation basis, compensation mechanism and compensation standard. Firstly, the traditional ecological compensation of water based on real water perspective has clear compensation subject and object and relatively complete theoretical system, and it provides a clear theoretical basis for compensation practice. However, the compensation mode is still relatively simple and short of the practical application of horizontal compensation, and a more comprehensive and precise compensation standard needs to be further determined. Secondly, the worldwide researches on ecological compensation of water based on virtual water perspective are still at the exploration stage, and the related researches can be summarized as the following two aspects: one is ecological compensation of water based on the flow effect of virtual water, and the other is that based on the related theory of water footprint. The above researches are short of theoretical basis and compensation mechanism for ecological compensation of water, especially the conversion of virtual water flow to ecological value. The ecological compensation of water should be studied from the perspective of virtual water, and further a “real and virtual water” combined ecological compensation system of water should be established. The researches on ecological compensation of water should be carried out under the evolution framework of modern water resources so as to enrich and improve ecological compensation theory of water.

Keywords: ecological compensation of water; real water; virtual water; research progress

InfluencesofecologicalcompensationinYellowRiverBasinonenvironmentalprotectioninvestmentofprivateenterprisesbasedonempiricaldataofheavypollutionindustries/ZHANG Jie1,2, ZHUGE Wenfei1, ZHU Mingming1(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 2.Coastal Development and Protection Coordination Innovation Center, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Based on the panel data of listed heavy-polluting enterprises in nine provinces in Yellow River Basin from 2006 to 2015, a multi-period double-difference model is established to study the influences of the ecological compensation in Yellow River Basin on the environmental protection investment of private enterprises. The empirical results show that the implementation of ecological compensation in the Yellow River Basin promotes the growth of private enterprises’ investment in environmental protection. Further analysis shows that in the areas with strong capacity of economy competition and private enterprises with government-enterprise relations, the ecological compensation in Yellow River Basin has a greater effect on promoting private enterprises’ environmental protection investment. Therefore, the implementation of the ecological compensation in Yellow River Basin should take the role of government-enterprise interaction into full consideration, and continuously promote regional cooperative governance to effectively ensure the high-quality development in Yellow River Basin.

Keywords: Yellow River Basin; basin ecological compensation policy; private enterprise; environmental protection investment

Evolutionofindustry-university-researchcooperationinnovationnetworkofsewagetreatmentindustryinYangtzeRiverEconomicBelt/WANG Jigan, GAO Jiawan(Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Based on the joint patent application data of sewage treatment industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2019, the evolution of industry-university-research cooperation network is investigated by using the social network analysis method. According to the research, the industry-university-research cooperation innovation network exhibits the evolution process from “few-node sporadic network” to “multi-node scattered sub-network” and then to “multi-node complex sub-network”. The network density decreases, the average path length increases in stages, the clustering coefficient decreases first and then increases, and the network gradually forms scattered partial clustering. The degree centralization and the network centralization index remain at a low level, and a few core subjects have obvious advantages in resources and control. The cooperation network has gradually formed, which takes universities as guidance with uneven development of heterogeneous subjects. Finally, some suggestions are put forward according to the evolution law of industry-university-research cooperation innovation network.

Keywords: industry-university-research cooperation; innovation network; sewage treatment industry; Yangtze River Economic Zone

Assessmentofpublicfloodriskperceptionlevelbasedonstructuralequationmodel：AcasestudyofJingdezhenCity/WANG Huimin1,2,3, CAO Weiwei2,3, HUANG Jing1,2,3, LIU Gaofeng1,3(1.State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; 2.Management Science Institute of Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 3.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The objective and accurate assessment of the public’s perception of flood risk will help to improve their participation enthusiasm. Based on the framework of protection motivation theory, an assessment system is established from three aspects of awareness of preparation before disaster, awareness of coping during disaster and awareness of recovery after disaster. Taking Jingdezhen City as an example, a structural equation model for public flood risk perception is established, and the flood risk perception level is estimated based on the path coefficient. The results indicate that the awareness of preparation before disaster and the awareness of coping during disaster have direct influences on the flood risk perception, while the awareness of recovery after disaster has indirect influences, and the awareness of preparation before disaster has the highest influences on the flood risk perception. In terms of the contribution rate of the evaluation indices, the loss experience in the housing is the highest, and the willingness to prepare for emergency supplies and to participate in flood control drills both contribute more than 4%. From the assessment results of flood risk perception, the female’s perception is higher than the male’s. The risk perception level of the young and old people is low. The research results may provide reference for the training and education of flood safety quality.

Keywords: flood risk; risk perception; structural equation model; Jingdezhen City

StrategyofseawaterdesalinationsupplytoBeijing-Tianjin-HebeiregionbasedonSWOT/LIU Shujing, ZHANG Fukun, WANG Jing, XING Shuying, CHEN Aihui, LI Lei(Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, MNR(Tianjin), Tianjin 300192, China)

Abstract: As a stable and high-quality incremental water source, seawater desalination is an important way and strategic choice to solve the shortage of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and also an important measure to ensure the safe supply of regional water resources. For its security strategy of water resources, the current situation of seawater desalination in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is objectively analyzed with regard to its water shortage and demand for future development. The strategic analysis and choice of seawater desalination to supply water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are performed based on the matrix method of SWOT. The following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: increasing the publicity and education of seawater desalination, strengthening the unified allocation and management of water resources, fully releasing the existing desalination capacity, establishing the regional water supply projects, breaking the manufacturing bottleneck of large-scale seawater desalination equipment, and constructing the seawater desalination chain with independent technology.

Keywords: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region; seawater desalination; water resource; security; SWOT

ForecastofwaterdemandfortourisminXinjiangbasedondoublerestrictionsoftourismdevelopmentandgovernmentregulation/WANG Ruifang1, HE Zhaoli2,3(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 2.School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510175, China; 3.School of Business Administration, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing 210023, China)

Abstract: The water demand for tourism in Xinjiang is forecast based on different scenarios. Firstly, based on the double restrictions of “industry development” of tourism and “government regulation” of water resource management, nine scenarios are designed. Secondly, from the perspective of total elements of tourism, a model is established for predicting the water demand for tourism that consists of five types of water footprint accounts, including catering, accommodation, energy, ecology and shopping. Thirdly, the tourism practitioners are incorporated into the accounts, and the relative methods are proposed for predicting the five types of tourism water footprint accounts under different scenarios. Finally, the water demand for tourism in Xinjiang is forecast under different scenarios in 2025. The following conclusions are drawn: in 2025, the water demand for tourism in Xinjiang is more sensitive to the speed of industry development than to strength of government regulation. Among the 9 scenarios, the “medium/strong” situation is the most suitable development scenario, that is, the scale of tourists is controlled to develop at a rate of 9%, the tourism industry adds 40,000 new employees every year, the government controls 10,000 yuan of industrial value-added water consumption with an average annual water saving rate of 7%, and the growth rate of residential energy consumption is 5.52%.

Keywords: water demand for tourism; water footprint; speed of tourism development; strength of government regulation; demand forecast

RiskfactorsforPPPprojectsofwaterenvironmenttreatmentbasedonfuzzy-DEMATELmethod/JIAN Yinghui1,2, CUI Zhipeng1,2(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 2.Institute of Engineering Management, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Under the background of accelerating the construction of green urbanization, the PPP project of water environment treatment has a positive role in stabilizing investment, making up for weakness and benefiting people’s livelihood. Owing to the problem of high risk of social capital induced by strong quasi-public welfare of PPP projects, difficult integration of treat techniques, complex assessment of treat effect and difficult coordination of water environment treatment, five first-class and 16 second-class indices of financing, finance, project technology and management, government regulation and environment are summarized based on the literature reading method. The risk of social capital is analyzed by the fuzzy-DEMATEL method. The key factors in PPP projects of water environment treatment are determined by the MATLAB software, and the result chart of risk factors is established. Finally, some suggestions are put forward, including innovating the payment mechanism of project return, reforming the fiscal and taxation system of the government, clarifying the principle of handling the change of assessment standards, establishing the restraint and punishment mechanism, and enhancing the credibility of the government so as to reduce the project risk and provide some reference for promoting the rapid development of PPP projects of water environment treatment in China.

Keywords: water environment treatment; PPP; social capital; fuzzy-DEMATEL; risk factor

Modelforriskrateofsmallreservoirsbasedonsupportvectormachine/ZHANG Ke1,2,3, CUI Jinghao1,4, HUANG Huaai1,5, FENG Jingchun1,2,4, ZUO Yuan1,4(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 2.International River Research Center, Nanjing 211100, China; 3.Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 211100, China; 4.Project Management Institute of Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 5.Office of Guangxi Flood Control and Drought Control Headquarters, Nanning 530023, China)

Abstract: According to their current situations, the main influencing factors for the safety risks of small reservoirs are obtained. On this basis, a model for evaluating the safety risks of small reservoirs is established by using the machine learning method. The correctness and applicability of this model are verified through example analysis. The research shows that the evaluation of risk rates of small reservoirs based on the support vector machine has a certain applicability and can effectively solve the problem of short of data samples in their evaluation of safety rates. The research results may provide new ideas for the early warning of mountainous floods in the downstream regions of small reservoirs.

Keywords: small reservoir; risk assessment; mountainous flood; warning system; support vector machine

Socialequityinlandcompensationofwaterconservancyandhydropowerresettlement/YAN Dengcai, CHEN Danning, CHEN Mingyu(National Research Center for Resettlement, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: The land is the most important natural capital, and it is also the most basic production material for resettlement. However, there are a lot of unfair practices in the land compensation of water conservancy and hydropower projects, including the less compensation area than the actual inundated one, the different land compensation prices induced by the diversification of investment entities and long resettlement period, the compensation price differences induced by resettlement modes, the policy differences induced by the new and old policies and policy lag, the individual differences induced by land compensation cash, and the uncompensated hidden income of the land. The above unfair practices will lead to the resettlement’s psychological imbalance, and there is a potential risk of social stability. To avoid social risks, some measures such as innovation of system and resettlement mode are needed to ensure the fairness of the baseline and to make up for the fairness of the reference so as to achieve the harmonious coexistence of reservoir resettlement and water conservancy and hydropower projects.

Keywords: land compensation; water conservancy and hydropower resettlement; social equity; equity imbalance

PricingmethodfortransactionofdrainagerightsinChinaunderquasi-markets/SHEN Juqin1, WANG Xingyu2, SUN Fuhua1(1.College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; 2.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: In order to solve the contradiction of drainage rights in China during the period of heavy precipitation concentration, it is imperative to carry out researches on the allocation and transaction of drainage rights. The issue of transaction price of drainage rights is the key element of the problem of transaction of drainage rights. Therefore, based on the theories and practices of the domestic and foreign transaction market and price of water rights and combined with the current situation and characteristics of transaction of China’s drainage rights, the following two steps for the formation of transaction price of drainage rights are proposed: one is the use of full-cost pricing method to measure the basic price of transaction of drainage rights, and the other is the study on market-oriented pricing mode of drainage rights in addition to the basic price. Finally, an integrated mode of “cost+bidding” pricing for transaction of drainage rights is established. The proposed model incorporates the negotiated pricing, the bidding pricing and the auction bidding, giving full play to the individual advantages of the three transaction methods. This study is conducive to promoting the establishment of the transaction market of drainage rights and providing a reference for improving China’s transaction management system of drainage rights.

Keywords: quasi-market; transaction pricing of drainage right; full-cost pricing method; cost; bidding