Journal of Japanese Invasion ofChina and Nanjing Massacre

1.ImagesandMemories:NanjingMassacreinHarukiMurakami’s“KillingCommendatore”

ShenJunLinMinjie(4)

The Japanese historians had once debated over the issue of Nanjing Massacre intensively and the Japanese society didn’t reach consensus on this issue. Haruki Murakami exposed the history of Nanjing Massacre inKillingCommendatore, within which the images as the memory medium awakened the memories of violence, and also obtained the imagination, repair and reconstruction of memories on Nanjing Massacre as special forms of memory. The author hopes that the dust-laden memories of Nanjing Massacre could be reloaded and inherited, calling on the Japanese people to face up to and reflect on the atrocities committed during the Massacre, which has a positive meaning to the principal discourse power of reshaping the historical memory of Nanjing Massacre in contemporary Japan.

2.FromTheRiverofNoReturntoDanfengStreet:ZhangHenshui’sWritingPathaboutNanjingMassacreandLiteraryTransformation

ZhangHanwen(11)

Under the setting of national united front policy of resistance against Japanese aggression, Zhang Henshui, the leading figure of the School ofYuanyangHudiewroteTheRiverofNoReturnandDanfengStreet.TheRiverofNoReturnas the earliest full-length novel about Nanjing Massacre takes the Massacre witnesses as the prototype and directly implanted the historical facts of the Battle of Nanjing, which reflects the nation-state consciousness that the author understands.DanfengStreetbegins with the chivalrous stories of common Nanjing citizens, showing the author’s expectations for shaping a new type of national citizen and his concerns over the power stored in the bottom of society. With background of Nanjing around the massacre and combining the history, imagination and memory, these two novels focused on the reality of the war of resistance, realized authors’ own literary transformation and became literature models of that era in response to the national fate.

3.OntheEveoftheGeneralMobilization:JapaneseSociety’sResponsetotheMukdenIncident

WangXiliang(21)

After the Mukden Incident, the left-wing groups represented by the Japanese Communist Party shouted out the anti-war voice. However, under the severe pressure of the ruling authorities, the weak anti-war voices failed to fully awaken the public. Meanwhile, besides the propaganda of the ruling authorities, the media followed and echoed the jingoism and misled the public opinion orientation and the right-wing groups further aggravated this situation. The impact of the economic crisis in the capitalist world has led to the destitution of the countryside and Japanese soldiers with rural origins also hoped to change their destinies through wars. A series of complex factors led the people to the wrong path of “Defense of the Right to Live”, “War of Justice” and “Self-defense War”, which triggered the civil society to subjectively or objectively, consciously or blindly follow the social forces of supporting the war of aggression, and created the early form of the national general mobilization system with one voice and one action across the country.

4.From“GoodWifeandLovingMother”to“MotheroftheMilitaryState”——ConstructionofModernJapaneseWomen'sIdeologyofMilitarism

LiWei(35)

During the Japanese war of aggression against China, “Mother of the Military State”, who actively sent loved ones to the battlefield and encouraged them to prepare to die, became the female image extolled in Japan . By sorting out the construction means of modern Japanese women’s ideology of militarism, we can find the “Mother of the Military State” an “ideal” image factitiously shaped by the guidance of women's education guidelines, encouraged from national policies and the discourse manipulation as well as the social media promotion, and the image especially originated from the women's education policy that the Japanese government had promoted since the Meiji period for cultivating “good wife and loving mother”. The Japanese women’s internal desire to seek equality between men and women and individual emancipation eventually had a counter-effect on accelerating the general acceptance of the “Mother of the Military State”. With the overlap of “official guidance” and “active response”, many Japanese women became “Mothers of the Military State” and played an important role in supporting the war of aggression.

5.DemandforChineseTranslatorsintheJapaneseArmyduringtheSino-JapaneseWarof1894—1895

KouZhenfeng(46)

During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895, the Chinese translators trained by the Japanese army participated in the war, and played a key role in winning the war and enhancing the “soft power” of the Japanese army. A large number of Chinese translators were not only required by the forces on the expedition, but also demanded in Japan as the rear area with thousands of war prisoners of the Qing army were escorted there. However, the headquarter of the Japanese army was unable to meet the demand for Chinese translators for both the troops on the expedition and at home . A severe “shortage of Chinese translators” was not eased even after the peace treaty was concluded.

6.FromHugheKnatchbull-HugessenIncidentto“HMSLadybird”Incident:anAnalysisontheBritishPassiveFarEastPolicyintheEarlyDaysoftheWarofResistanceandItsMotivation

CuiWei(57)

After Japan launched an all-out war of aggression against China in 1937, the British interests in China were seriously threatened. Britain hoped to impose sanctions and hold back Japan. However, due to Britain’s appeasement policy and its own strength, it failed to form an effective deterrent to Japan, so it turned to U.S.. However, its interests in China were far less than those of Britain plus the domestic prevailing isolationism, U.S. took a relatively negative attitude towards the sanctions against Japan. In negotiating the Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen incident in which the British rights and interests were severely violated , British attitude to Japan was fairly weak, while during the negotiation on “HMS Ladybird” incident a few months later, Britain took a relatively tough stance due to the possibility of uniting U.S. to control Japan. From the perspective of the negotiation process between Britain and Japan as well as the progress of Assembly of the League of Nations, Britain coordinated its stances with U.S., hoping to confront Japan by relying on U.S. help. Due to the vague American attitude, Britain lacked the confidence in its negotiations with Japan. During this period, America is an important factor in terms of the British passive policy towards Japan.

7.AboutShandongProblem’sAftermath:TheSino-JapanNegotiationsaroundtheExportofQingdaoSalt

LiBoqiang(67)

The Sino-Japan negotiations on the export of Qingdao salt to Japan is an important issue to solve the “Shandong Problem”. During World War Ⅰ, Japan occupied Qingdao, developed salt fields, and controlled the production and sales of salt. A large amount of salt was exported into Japan to supplement the needs of Japanese society for consumption and industrial development. After Washington Naval Conference, China and Japan negotiated about the aftermath of the Shandong Problem, and the export of Qingdao salt to Japan was one of the important issues. The two sides had very different views in the negotiations, and the dispute focused on the quantity and price of the output and the designation of the exporter. In response to the Japanese tough stance, although Chinese representative made some compromises, but they still used the Japanese psychology of urgent need of the imported salt to safeguard the national rights and interests, highlighting the Chinese negotiators’ political wisdom and diplomatic strategy. After the signing of the agreement, in the process of exporting Qingdao salt, Japan violated the agreement and blocked the export outlets, which in turn affected China’s control in the export rights of Qingdao salt.

8.WhomtoFightfor:TheIdentificationofPostwarJapaneseSoldiers’IdentityWho“remainedinShanxi” ——AnInterpretationbasedontheJapanesePublications

LiuHeyu(77)

After Japan surrendered in 1945, Yan Xishan, who was eager to expand his strength, attempted to retain and make use of the Japanese army that had previously occupied Shanxi , while some senior Japanese officers made some compromises to Yan in the hope of escaping the individual war crimes and using the relatively closed and resourceful Shanxi to retain their armed forces to realize the Japanese industrial recovery. Both sides contributed to the issue of “Shanxi Remnants”. During the Civil War between Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China, the “remaining” Japanese army repeatedly fought against the PLA. In April 1949, the PLA occupied Taiyuan, and most of the “remaining” Japanese troops were captured.

After several years of reform-through-labor in China, they were released by the Chinese government. After returning to Japan, these former Japanese soldiers disagreed with the Japanese government in terms of the identification of their identity , and the two sides finally went to court. Besides the official archives interested by the academic community, Japan has published a large number of reminiscences about this event, covering many important unknown details such as its origin and process, the capture of Japanese soldiers, the entire process of labor transformation and returning to the country.

9.Committeeof“CleaninguptheCountryside”: “Alienation”ofWangJingwei’sPuppetRegimeStructure

FengMingming(86)

The Committee of “Cleaning up the Countryside” is an “alienation” of Wang Jingwei’s puppet regime structure. Japan and Wang Jingwei decided to “clean up the countryside” for their respective interests under the common goal of “establishing the public order and improving people’s livelihood”, and decided to set up the Committee in the central puppet regime. With the expansion of the cleaning-up areas, the Committee successively set up a series of regional organs such as “Suzhou Office”,“Jiaxing Office”，“Eastern Zhejiang Office” and “Anhui Office”. Furthermore, the cleaning-up institutions represented by the Committee of “Cleaning up the Countryside” had shown four characteristics of “alienation”: the special status, the coexistence of dual institutions, the success of the “Cleaning up the Countryside” relied to some degree on Li Shiqun, the secret service leader of the puppet regime and it had become tools for interests and power struggles. Japan could be counted as the biggest factor for the “alienation” of Wang’s puppet regime’s structure and the Committee of “Cleaning up the Countryside” was a case in point.

10.ReviewsontheRuralFinanceManagementintheShanxi-Chahar-HebeiResistanceBase

SongRu(96)

When the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Area was established , the financial order of the village regimes was in disorder. The phenomenon of corruption and waste occurred time and again, and the area faced with severe financial and economic difficulties. Therefore, from 1940 to 1941, the Border Area concentrated their efforts on the rural finance management, trying to clarify the scope and procedures of the revenue and expenditure of the village funds, realizing the overall planning and expenditure by the county government over the village finance, and forming a standardized and quota-based grass-roots financial working mechanism. This effort improved not only the grassroots government’s ability to co-ordinate funds as well as its financial administration, but also the quality of village cadres and the efficiency of the village regimes , and the burden on the people was also reduced. However, due to the difficult environment within and outside the border area and the quite complicated situations of construction of the resistance base, there was a tension between the increasingly tightened financial power of the village government and their increasingly complicated responsibilities. It was difficult to eradicate the problems in the the rural finance in some individual areas. Since then, to regulate the financial and economic order at the grassroots level, the government of the border area continued to work out and adjust relevant policy measures.

11.TheUseofCivilianPowerandLogisticalSupportoftheBattlefieldduringtheWarofResistanceagainstJapanattheStageofStrategicStalemate——CenteringontheMilitary-civilianCooperationStationsduringtheBattleofSouthGuangxi

ChenZhengChenYuanjun(107)

During the Battle of South Guangxi, the New Guixi, the local warlord set up the military-civilian cooperation stations, through which civilians were organized to support the frontline and the military-civilian relations were improved. The cooperation stations played an important role in the communication between troops and the civilians and in ensuring the military material supply and the logistic support at the battlefield.

The staff of the military-civilian cooperation stations was mainly Guangxi student soldiers. The grassroots leadership of this force was actually controlled by the Communist Party of China. Therefore, the success of the cooperation between the military and the civilians during the Battle of South Guangxi was a successful practice in Guangxi by the CPC-led national united front of the resistance against Japan.

12.SoldiersTrainingduringtheWarofResistanceagainstJapanintheNinthTheater

LongHonghao(114)

During the total war of resistance against Japan, the ninth theater attached great importance to the soldiers training. Firstly, it revised and perfected the training norms for recruits according to their own conditions, and implement the norms earnestly; Secondly, Troops were specially deployed to the rear to join the overall training and consolidation, so that the soldiers training plan could be relatively completely implemented; Thirdly, according to the needs of the war situations, Shock troops were organized to receive intensified training, especially the attack training. The soldiers training in the ninth theater had achieved some effect with the military capability improved, the Japanese attacks to the defense area were defeated many times. The effect of the soldiers training was reflected in the battles they had participated in.

13.MedicalAidtoWoundedSoldiersinNanjingintheEarlyStageoftheTotalWarofResistance

YuNing(125)

After the January 28th Incident, with the increasing threat of Japanese aggression, the Military Commission planned to strengthen the defense of Nanjing. It is an important mission for the military medical institutions to enhance the capability of wartime medical aid. Since 1934, the Headquarters of General Staff has drawn up a series of health plans aiming at strengthening the mobilization and general control of the civilian hospitals and transportation facilities in Nanjing by the military agencies to provide health services for field troops. After the outbreak of the total war of resistance, according to the original plan and the actual needs, the Department of Rear Service, following the principle of classified treatment, mobilized civil health institutions and charitable organizations in Nanjing to treat the wounded soldiers, and saved the lives of a large number of seriously wounded soldiers. During the Battle of Nanjing, despite the westerners’ participation, problems in the Chinese medical system, personnel and transportation facilities led to the deterioration of the wounded soldiers’ situation.

14.Studieson“Sandgren’sElectricShop”

DaiYuanzhi(137)