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脂肪酸合成酶促進HER2陽性乳腺癌曲妥珠單抗耐藥的研究進展

2020-07-04 03:03:59章杰徐菁銘王蓓
中國現代醫生 2020年12期

章杰 徐菁銘 王蓓

[摘要] 約25%~30%乳腺癌為HER2陽性乳腺癌,近年來,雖然抗HER2分子靶向藥曲妥珠單抗顯著改善HER2陽性乳腺癌的治療策略和預后,但原發性或繼發性曲妥珠單抗耐藥越來越受到關注,臨床耐藥現象亦尚未完全闡明。脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FASN)是內源性脂肪酸從頭合成途徑的關鍵酶,FASN過表達與HER2陽性乳腺癌復發和預后密切相關,并在曲妥珠耐藥中發揮重要作用,有望成為規避曲妥珠單抗耐藥的新靶點,本文就該機制進展作一綜述。

[關鍵詞] HER2陽性乳腺癌;脂肪酸合成酶;曲妥珠單抗;耐藥機制

[中圖分類號] R735.2 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)12-0179-05

[Abstract] About 25%-30% of breast cancers are HER2-positive breast cancers. In recent years, although the anti-HER2 molecule targeting drug trastuzumab has significantly improved the treatment strategy and prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer, primary or secondary trastuzumab resistance has received increasing attention, and clinical resistance has not been fully elucidated. Fatty acid synthase(FASN) is a key enzyme in the de novo synthesis pathway of endogenous fatty acids. FASN overexpression is closely related to the recurrence and prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer, and plays an important role in trastuzumab resistance. It is expected to become a new target for avoiding trastuzumab resistance. This article reviews the progress of the mechanism.

[Key words] HER2-positive breast cancer; Fatty acid synthase(FASN); Trastuzumab; Drug resistance mechanism

據美國國家癌癥中心2019年發布的數據顯示,美國乳腺癌依然占女性惡性腫瘤的首位,約有380萬女性有乳腺癌病史,新發268 600例,乳腺癌已嚴重影響女性健康[1]。乳腺癌分子分型中約25%~30%的乳腺癌為人表皮生長因子受體-2(Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER2)陽性乳腺癌,該類型乳腺癌浸潤強,預后差[2]。雖然HER2靶向藥物曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)聯合化療可延長輔助、新輔助及晚期HER2陽性乳腺癌患者的無進展生存期(Time to progress,TTP)和總生存期(Overall survival,OS),但臨床研究表明70%的HER2陽性乳腺癌對曲妥珠單抗并無反應,聯合化療反應率也僅50%,即使最初曲妥珠單抗敏感的乳腺癌也大部分在1年內出現進展[3,4]。因此,有關曲妥珠單抗先天性或繼發性耐藥的機制一直是研究熱點。目前已明確曲妥珠單抗耐藥與下列因素有關:曲妥珠單抗新輔助治療后腫瘤HER2陽性在體內轉化為HER2陰性;腫瘤具有酶活性的p95HER2亞型突變;HER家族其他成員如HER1、HER3和HER4等過度表達或異常激活;PTEN丟失致PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路異常激活;功能性PI3KCA突變和AKT突變等[5,6]。為規避曲妥珠單抗耐藥,臨床優化曲妥珠單抗聯合化療方案、聯合或序貫酪氨酸酶抑制劑、與帕妥珠單抗雙靶治療以及曲妥珠單抗-美坦辛偶聯物(Ado-trastuzumab emtansine,T-DM1)等手段,雖然顯著改善HER2陽性乳腺癌的治療結局[6,7],但臨床耐藥現象仍尚未完全闡明。因此,尋找新的規避曲妥珠單抗耐藥手段是目前科研和臨床共同關注的課題。內源性脂肪酸代謝是合成代謝和能量儲存過程,在正常生理條件下不發揮主要調節作用,但對于腫瘤細胞是能量代謝和增殖的基礎,脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty acid synthase,FASN)是內源性脂肪酸合成的關鍵酶。近年來,FASN在HER2陽性乳腺癌曲妥珠單抗耐藥過程中發揮的作用越來越受到重視,有望成為規避曲妥珠單抗耐藥的腫瘤代謝新靶點[8],本文就該機制研究現狀予以綜述。

1 FASN調控脂質代謝促進腫瘤增殖概述

1.1 FASN概述

腫瘤細胞代謝重編程是腫瘤的標志之一,腫瘤脂質代謝與腫瘤調控網絡間相互作用可促進腫瘤發生發展,致癌性生長信號通過調節脂質、葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺等代謝以適應腫瘤細胞的快速增殖[9]。內源性脂肪酸合成是腫瘤細胞脂質代謝促進腫瘤增殖的核心過程,而FASN是內源性脂肪酸乙酰輔酶A從頭合成的關鍵酶。FASN為同源二聚體多功能酶蛋白,分子質量540 kDa,是由β-羥脂酰脫水酶、β-酮脂酰還原酶、β-酮脂酰合成酶、乙酰基轉移酶和丙二酰基轉移酶等七種酶聚合形成的多酶復合體,以乙酰輔酶A為引物,丙二酰單酰輔酶A為二碳的載體,依賴NADPH為還原劑,催化長鏈脂肪酸的從頭合成,是調控棕櫚酸酯合成的終止步驟[10]。正常細胞一般優先利用膳食脂肪酸,脂肪酸內源性合成極少,而腫瘤細胞對脂肪酸需求大,FASN基因常高表達,并且與腫瘤進展、耐藥及預后不良有關[11]。因此,FASN有望作為腫瘤代謝新靶點。

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(收稿日期:2020-02-10)

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