張方超
謂語動詞的考查是歷年高考英語語法填空題的必考點,也是難點。考生應明確什么情況下填謂語動詞以及如何確定其正確形式。
一、主句主語之后,用謂語動詞
確定謂語動詞的形式時,應綜合考慮該動詞的時態和語態(根據文章背景、上下文語境及句中的時間狀語確定該動詞的時態;看動作是主語發出還是主語承受,確定語態;此外還要考慮主語的人稱和數量)。
(1)簡單句中缺謂語動詞。例1:In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ______(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.(2019全國I)。Inuit people是主語,其后缺謂語;根據時間狀語 in recent years確定時態,根據句意用主動語態,故填have reported.
(2)從句中缺謂語動詞。例2:When fat and salt ______(remove) from food ,the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全國I)
本句是主從復合句,分別有自己的謂語。when從句的主語后缺謂語,考慮時態和語態;再根據句意,用被動;主語是兩類事物,用復數,故填are removed.
(3)并列謂語動詞。例3: Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ______(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.(2019全國III)
主語our hosts之后的shared是謂語,and是并列連詞,連接兩個并列謂語,即A and B形式,A和B時態一致,故填recommended.另外,還有三個并列謂語的情況,即A,B and C.比如:He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it onto the copy-editor.
(4)主謂一致的情況。例4:Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _____(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. (2019全國I)
and 連接四個簡單句,故缺謂語,根據上下文確定時態,主語six是復數概念,故填 are.
二、空位于句首,構成祈使句時
常見結構為:祈使句+and+句子;祈使句+or/otherwise+句子,如:①______(hurry) up, or/otherwise you will be late. ②______(work) hard, and you will succeed. and/or/otherwise連接前后兩個句子,故用動詞原形構成祈使句。答案:1. Hurry;2 .Work另外還有更復雜的句子,摻雜著同位語,各種從句等“枝葉”,在分析句子時要拂去枝葉,剩其主干,才更容易判斷所填動詞的正確形式。如:
例5:It could be anything—gardening, cooking,music,sports—but whatever it is, ______(make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.(2016全國I卷)。
分析句子,but連接前后兩個句子,but后是主從復合句,whatever引導從句,空上需要的是動詞原形來構成祈使句,故填make.
注意:空位于句首時,除了上述句型,還有以下情況:①______(break) into pieces, the mirror is useless. ②_______(see) the terrible sight, he burst into tears. ③_______(finish) the task on schedule, they worked day and night. 這三個題目,逗號后是主句,逗號前是非謂語動詞作狀語的情況,與構成祈使句的情況不同,應注意區分。根據非謂語動詞的使用規則,確定答案為:1. Broken; 2. Seeing; 3. To finish
三、虛擬語氣中謂語動詞的確定
語法填空對虛擬語氣的考查不多,卻是難點。常見的考點有表堅持、命令、請求和建議的詞,wish及if虛擬條件句等,考生應注意梳理并熟記。如:
①He suggested we ______a rest.②He insisted all the water supplies ______(examine). ③It is high time that we ______(consider) his advice. 答案:1. (should) have; 2. (should)be examined; 3. considered/should consider。
總之,謂語動詞形式的確定是有法可依的。只要我們明確缺謂語的情況,再綜合考慮時態、語態、語氣、人稱、數量等,這道題目就迎刃而解。