裴晴晴 朱曼華 梅雨柳 王淑玉 周海燕 徐仙飛



[摘要] 目的 評價肋下入路腹橫筋膜阻滯在老年患者胃造瘺術中的應用效果。 方法 選擇2017年10月~2019年3月行胃造瘺術的老年患者60例,隨機分為兩組(n=30):硬膜外麻醉組(E組),肋下入路腹橫筋膜阻滯組(S組)。觀察兩組感覺阻滯起效時間、阻滯平面、麻醉滿意率及術中腹部肌松情況,麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后10 min(T1)、手術開始后10 min(T2)及手術結束時(T3)平均動脈壓(MAP)、指脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2);記錄術中麻黃堿、舒芬太尼、利多卡因及術后地佐辛用量;記錄不良事件發(fā)生情況。 結果 兩組感覺阻滯起效時間及麻醉滿意率比較無差異,與S組比較,E組患者術中腹部肌松滿意率更高;T1、T2的MAP顯著降低;T2的MAP明顯低于T0。E組患者T1、T2、SpO2顯著低于S組;T1顯著低于T0;麻黃堿的使用率明顯高于S組。兩組患者術中舒芬太尼及利多卡因使用率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。E組患者術后使用地佐辛的例數(shù)顯著高于S組。兩組患者均無不良事件發(fā)生。結論 超聲引導肋下腹橫筋膜阻滯用于老年患者胃造瘺手術麻醉,對呼吸循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響小,不良反應少,同時可提供一定時間內(nèi)的術后鎮(zhèn)痛。
[關鍵詞] 胃造瘺;老年患者;肋下入路腹橫筋膜阻滯;硬膜外麻醉
[中圖分類號] R656.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)04-0139-05
Application of abdominal transverse fascia block by subcostal approach in gastrostomy in elderly patients
PEI Qingqing1? ?ZHU Manhua2? ?MEI Yuliu1? ?WANG Shuyu1? ?ZHOU Haiyan1? ?XU Xianfei1
1.Department of Anesthesiology, the Peoples Hospital of Beilun District, Ningbo? ?315800, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology,Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo? ?315040, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the application effect of abdominal transverse fascia block by subcostal approach in gastrostomy in elderly patients. Methods Sixty elderly patients from October 2017 to March 2019 gastrostomy were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n=30): an epidural anesthesia group (group E), and a transverse fascia block by subcostal approach group (group S). The sensory block onset time, block plane, anesthesia satisfaction rate, and abdominal muscle relaxation during surgery of both groups were observed. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse oximetry(SpO2) before anesthesia (T0), 10 minutes after anesthesia (T1), 10 minutes after the beginning of surgery (T2), and at the end of surgery(T3) were measured. The dosage of intraoperative ephedrine, sufentanil, lidocaine and postoperative dextrozine were recorded. The occurrence of adverse events was recorded. Results There was no difference in the onset time of sensory block and the anesthesia satisfaction rate between the two groups. Compared with group S, the satisfaction rate of abdominal muscle relaxation was higher in group E; the MAP of T1 and T2 was significantly decreased; the MAP of T2 was significantly lower than that at T0. In group E, SpO2 at T1 and T2 were significantly lower than those in group S; SpO2 at T1 was significantly lower than that at T0; the use rate of ephedrine was significantly higher than that in group S. There was no significant difference in the use rate of sufentanil and lidocaine between the two groups (P>0.05). The number of patients who used dizocine after surgery was significantly higher in group E than in group S. No adverse events occurred in either group. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided abdominal transverse fascia block by subcostal approach used in gastrostomy in elderly patients has little effect on the respiratory circulatory system and has fewer adverse reactions, and can also provide postoperative analgesia within a certain period of time.
[Key words] Gastrostomy; Elderly patients; Transverse fascia block; Epidural anesthesia
胃造瘺是不能經(jīng)口飲食或需要長期腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)治療患者的主要給養(yǎng)方式,臨床上由于各種原因引起進食困難且無法行內(nèi)鏡下胃造瘺的患者,通常需行外科胃造瘺術,予以長期腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持及胃腸減壓,以改善患者進食狀況,達到治療疾病和延長生命的目的[1]。該類患者一般為病情嚴重、全身狀況差的老年患者,常合并心腦血管疾病及呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,對麻醉的耐受性差,圍術期風險大。目前椎管內(nèi)麻醉是此類手術主要麻醉方式。老年患者脊椎及韌帶退行性變導致麻醉穿刺難度增加及部分患者合并心腦血管疾病,長期服用抗凝藥物導致凝血異常,均限制了該麻醉方法的臨床應用[2]。同時硬膜外麻醉操作技術難度大,存在局麻藥中毒、硬膜外血腫、腰背疼痛等并發(fā)癥的風險,有研究顯示硬膜外麻醉后腰背疼痛發(fā)生率可高達44%,也限制了硬膜外阻滯的臨床運用[3]。近年來隨著超聲可視化區(qū)域阻滯技術的成熟,軀干區(qū)域阻滯如腹橫筋膜阻滯、腰方肌阻滯等越來越多的應用于圍術期鎮(zhèn)痛管理。肋下入路腹橫筋膜阻滯(subcostal transversus abdominis plane block,STAPB)是在肋緣下位置將局麻藥注射至腹橫筋膜平面,從而阻滯上腹壁神經(jīng)的一種鎮(zhèn)痛方式,臨床上大多用于腹部手術術后鎮(zhèn)痛,鮮少作為單獨的麻醉方式使用。蔡暢等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)腹橫筋膜阻滯聯(lián)合腹直肌鞘阻滯可以為腹膜透析置管術的患者提供安全有效的麻醉。國外有將STAPB用于外科胃造瘺術的病例報道[5,6],目前國內(nèi)外尚無關于STAPB作為腹部手術麻醉方式的臨床研究。本研究擬觀察STAPB作為麻醉方案用于老年患者胃造瘺手術的臨床應用效果,并與椎管內(nèi)麻醉方式進行比較。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究已獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(審批號:2017K013),并已與患者及家屬簽署知情同意書。采用隨機數(shù)字表法隨機分為兩組(n=30):硬膜外麻醉組(E組)和肋下入路腹橫筋膜阻滯組(S組)。
1.2 納入和排除標準
納入標準:選擇2017年10月~2019年3月行胃造瘺術患者60例,年齡65~85歲,體重45~65 kg,性別不限,ASA分級Ⅰ~Ⅲ級,自愿加入本研究。
排除標準:患者任何原因拒絕、不愿簽署知情同意書;羅哌卡因局麻藥物過敏者;凝血功能障礙及神經(jīng)精神疾病史者;腹部或TAP穿刺部位感染者;既往腹部手術史,手術瘢痕可能影響局麻藥擴散者;術前中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病者;腹部手術部位因外周神經(jīng)病變麻木或者神經(jīng)支配皮區(qū)感覺異常者;全身情況差不宜手術者,嚴重心、肝、腎功能障礙者。
1.3 麻醉方法
所有患者入室后,予以常規(guī)心電監(jiān)護;合并心腦血管及肺部疾病患者予以橈動脈穿刺置管,監(jiān)測動脈血壓;開放外周靜脈,輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液,面罩吸氧3 L/min,麻醉操作前予以咪達唑侖(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批號:H10980025)0.02 mg/kg。E組采用硬膜外麻醉標準操作流程:患者取側臥位,選擇T9~T10椎間隙為穿刺點,行硬膜外穿刺并置管,回抽無血或腦脊液后予硬膜外腔注射1%利多卡因(山東,國藥準字號:C1804092)試驗劑量3 mL,5 min后患者無不適,再分次給予0.375%羅哌卡因(瑞典AstraZeneca,批號:H20140764)共0.15 mL/kg。S組患者取仰臥位,選擇便攜式超聲(美國SonoSite)線陣探頭,頻率為6~13 MHz,雙側肋緣下常規(guī)消毒后,沿肋緣平行放置探頭,識別腹直肌及腹橫肌,采用平面內(nèi)穿刺技術,行雙側STAPB,選擇探頭內(nèi)側劍突下作為穿刺點,沿肋緣由內(nèi)上方向外下方進針,穿刺針(22G×80 mm)針尖至腹直肌后鞘與腹橫肌之間的腹橫筋膜平面,回抽無血或腦脊液后,每側分別注入0.3%羅哌卡因1 mg/kg,注藥后可見低回聲梭形超聲影像(圖1)。所有麻醉操作均由同一位經(jīng)驗豐富的麻醉醫(yī)生完成。所有患者完成麻醉操作10 min后使用針刺法測試麻醉平面。術中密切監(jiān)測患者生命體征,若平均動脈壓(MAP)低于基礎值30%,則給予麻黃堿3~6 mg升壓。患者術中出現(xiàn)切口疼痛不適,視覺模擬痛覺評分(visual analogue scale,VAS)超過3分時,則予以1%利多卡因5 mL局部浸潤;出現(xiàn)胃腸牽拉不適則予以追加舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),批號:81A07201)5~10 μg,靜脈緩慢注射。患者術后出現(xiàn)VAS>3分時,靜脈給予地佐辛(揚子江藥業(yè)集團有限公司,批號:H20080329)2.5 mg,24 h不超過10 mg。
1.4 觀察指標
①記錄感覺阻滯起效時間及阻滯平面情況:麻醉滿意率(平面達到T6~T9的例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%)。②記錄術中腹部肌松情況:手術醫(yī)生對腹部肌松的滿意率(腹部肌松滿意例數(shù)/該組患者總例數(shù)×100%)。③記錄麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后10 min(T1)、手術開始后10 min(T2)及手術結束時(T3)的平均動脈壓(MAP)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)及術中麻黃堿的使用情況。④記錄術中舒芬太尼、利多卡因及術后地佐辛補救鎮(zhèn)痛例數(shù)。⑤記錄不良事件(局麻藥中毒、穿刺部位血腫、腹腔臟器損傷及呼吸抑制)的發(fā)生情況。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 24.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行分析。計量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用成組t檢驗,不同時間點比較采用重復測量方差分析;計數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較
兩組患者年齡、性別、ASA分級、手術時間等一般情況比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
本研究存在的不足:研究對象為老年患者,部分存在肝腎功能不全,可能影響局麻藥的代謝,需進一步研究優(yōu)化局麻藥的濃度與劑量。此外,由于臨床病例數(shù)有限,本研究中納入的患者例數(shù)較少,尚需大樣本、多中心的臨床試驗進一步證實本研究結果的有效性和安全性。
綜上所述,肋下腹橫筋膜阻滯用于老年患者胃造瘺手術麻醉,對呼吸循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響小,不良反應少;超聲引導的可視化技術操作確切可行,有效避免穿刺相關并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,同時可提供一定時間內(nèi)的術后鎮(zhèn)痛。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-09)