聚焦動(dòng)態(tài)的英語(yǔ)閱讀素養(yǎng)觀
——浙江省2019年高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)活動(dòng)評(píng)比紀(jì)要

葛炳芳

“浙江省2019年高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)活動(dòng)評(píng)比”以“實(shí)踐英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)綜合視野，提升英語(yǔ)閱讀素養(yǎng)”為主題，采用課外材料，提前三天發(fā)放教學(xué)材料，讓參賽選手著手對(duì)教學(xué)材料進(jìn)行解讀，做好教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。所使用的兩則材料分別是The Two Tribes of Working Life（見(jiàn)附錄一）和One Hour Every Day at Four O’clock（見(jiàn)附錄二），要求參賽選手針對(duì)相應(yīng)年級(jí)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言水平和認(rèn)知水平，就所給語(yǔ)篇作好教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)授課。

本次評(píng)比一如既往地聚焦常態(tài)教學(xué)，明確反對(duì)以應(yīng)對(duì)高考題型為終極目標(biāo)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)常態(tài)的閱讀課堂教學(xué)，以引導(dǎo)教師克服過(guò)度應(yīng)試化的教學(xué)。課堂教學(xué)的質(zhì)量較以往的課堂教學(xué)評(píng)比又有新的改善，每堂課都有很多亮點(diǎn)。參賽選手們認(rèn)真做好文本解讀，基于英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的綜合視野、指向閱讀素養(yǎng)進(jìn)行教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，盡可能多地關(guān)注學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。

通過(guò)本次評(píng)比，反思浙江省高中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)特別是閱讀教學(xué)，認(rèn)為在以下幾個(gè)方面還需要繼續(xù)關(guān)注：

繼續(xù)強(qiáng)化文本解讀

“文本解讀是英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的邏輯起點(diǎn)”，是一切課堂教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。解構(gòu)文本，從文本的題目、表層信息、深層含義到表達(dá)方式，無(wú)不對(duì)課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容的確定、教學(xué)目標(biāo)的定位和教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生重大意義。有什么樣的文本解讀，就有什么樣的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。

充分關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)主體

本次教學(xué)評(píng)比的課例中，參賽選手們很重視學(xué)生的“無(wú)干擾閱讀”，重視其在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中的主體地位。但是，由于教學(xué)時(shí)間是一個(gè)“常量”，而設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容總體偏多，“趕”還是大多數(shù)課堂的主要問(wèn)題。在內(nèi)容理解上，教師“越俎代庖”的現(xiàn)象依然存在。切實(shí)強(qiáng)化學(xué)生真正的閱讀體驗(yàn)，讓學(xué)習(xí)真正發(fā)生，提升閱讀課堂教學(xué)的質(zhì)量，是今后一個(gè)階段的重要改進(jìn)點(diǎn)。在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課堂中，教師要為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，拓展其閱讀體驗(yàn)，基于閱讀過(guò)程和“無(wú)干擾閱讀”，培養(yǎng)其邏輯思維、主動(dòng)提問(wèn)、慎思質(zhì)疑等獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí)能力，使其形成閱讀的關(guān)鍵能力和必備品格，即閱讀素養(yǎng)。

聚焦動(dòng)態(tài)的高中英語(yǔ)閱讀素養(yǎng)觀

動(dòng)態(tài)的英語(yǔ)閱讀素養(yǎng)觀要求教師關(guān)注提升閱讀能力的結(jié)構(gòu)化過(guò)程。認(rèn)知的層次性（如布魯姆（Bloom）的認(rèn)知框架、感知、概括、運(yùn)用……）、教學(xué)文本的綜合性（內(nèi)容、思維和語(yǔ)言）、學(xué)習(xí)方法的個(gè)體差異性，都影響著學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中知識(shí)的解構(gòu)和建構(gòu)。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀課堂的任務(wù)是幫助學(xué)生基于文本內(nèi)容的理解、加工、評(píng)判，表達(dá)思想，所以，整合文本講了什么、怎么講的、為什么這樣講，設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，以“表達(dá)對(duì)作者傳遞的信息和讀者個(gè)性化的理解”為目標(biāo)，讓“分解動(dòng)作”系統(tǒng)化，這應(yīng)該是英語(yǔ)閱讀課堂知識(shí)的“結(jié)構(gòu)化”過(guò)程。其中，“閱讀體驗(yàn)”“學(xué)習(xí)理解、實(shí)踐應(yīng)用、遷移創(chuàng)新”（教育部 2018）“有梯度的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容融合”等都是“結(jié)構(gòu)化”過(guò)程的一部分。

比賽結(jié)束后，參賽選手們進(jìn)行了有效反思。

浙江省衢州第二中學(xué)張宇峰老師結(jié)合教學(xué)案例探究了強(qiáng)化學(xué)生自主整體閱讀，進(jìn)而融入語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和思維訓(xùn)練的閱讀素養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)策略。

浙江省麗水市景寧中學(xué)毛麗琴老師強(qiáng)調(diào)了高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課堂教學(xué)中基于目標(biāo)定位進(jìn)行取舍平衡的重要性。

浙江省溫州中學(xué)蔡珍瑞老師聚集高階思維能力的培養(yǎng)，嘗試在文本處理階段設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)篇型問(wèn)題鏈、挖掘型問(wèn)題鏈和評(píng)估型問(wèn)題鏈來(lái)發(fā)展學(xué)生的分析概括、判斷推理和批判性思維等高階思維能力，發(fā)展他們的閱讀素養(yǎng)。

浙江省義烏中學(xué)傅曉仙老師從文本解讀、教學(xué)目標(biāo)制訂及學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)三個(gè)方面探討在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)觀指導(dǎo)下的高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)實(shí)踐及對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的思考。在進(jìn)行教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，傅曉仙老師特別關(guān)注了新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)向下的教學(xué)活動(dòng)的層次性：基于語(yǔ)篇的學(xué)習(xí)理解類活動(dòng)、深入語(yǔ)篇的應(yīng)用實(shí)踐類活動(dòng)和跳出語(yǔ)篇的遷移創(chuàng)新類活動(dòng)。

浙江省嵊州中學(xué)蔡馬英老師作了全景式的反思，全面呈現(xiàn)了從文本解讀到教學(xué)實(shí)施的三次實(shí)踐，分析改進(jìn)的過(guò)程及其背后的原因，提出了對(duì)閱讀素養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)的一些思考。

現(xiàn)在把這組稿子呈現(xiàn)給讀者，目的是讓讀者讀懂教學(xué)研究活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)思路，并在這一思路的引導(dǎo)下，讀懂授課教師的實(shí)踐與思考。這些課是參賽選手所在團(tuán)隊(duì)集體智慧的結(jié)晶。三天的準(zhǔn)備，即使有團(tuán)隊(duì)，也無(wú)法做到完美，所以比較接近常態(tài)。誠(chéng)然，這些本身不可能是完美的課給讀者帶來(lái)的思考，必將能夠幫助一線教師反思自己的閱讀課堂教學(xué)，并為改進(jìn)日常教學(xué)服務(wù)。

附錄一：普通高中高二學(xué)生

The Two Tribes of Working Life

Workers，and possibly all people，can fall into one of the two tribes.Those who like to be involved in everything can be labelled“FOMOs”because they suffer from a“fear of missing out”.Then there are those who would simply want to be focused on their own particular work — the“JOMOs”，so called for their joy of missing out.

If the boss announces a new project，do you immediately volunteer，thinking this will be a great chance to prove your skills?If so，you are a FOMO.Or do you foresee the trouble to be involved，the likely failure of the project，and the weekend emails from all the FOMOs wanting to spend less time with their families?Then you are a certified JOMO.Another test is technology.Are you a FOMO，an early user picking up the latest devices or functions and sending documents to colleagues via the latest file-sharing programme?Or are you a JOMO，who is likely to believe that any technology upgrade will be troublesome in the beginning and wonder why on earth your colleague can’t send the document everybody has been familiar with?

Networking events are the kind of thing that gets FOMOs excited as a chance to exchange ideas.When JOMOs hear the word“networking”，they reach for their earphones.For them，being made to attend an industry cocktail party is rather like being forced to attend the wedding of someone they hardly know—a social suffering.Similarly，when it comes to business travel，F(xiàn)OMOs can’t wait to experience the delight of overseas conferences and visiting new places.It will all look good on their CV.JOMOs know that such travel involves lots of discomforts like crowded airline seats.The final destination turns out to be nothing more than a common conference centre or hotel that they forget five minutes after they have left.While they recognise that they have to attend some meetings and go on trips to get their work done，JOMOs regard such things as a self-punishment instead of a privilege.

Something useful may come out of it，but best not to get their hopes up.It might seem obvious that employers should look to hire FOMOs，not their opposites.After all，in a company full of JOMOs，sales might suffer and there would be little innovation.Nonetheless，while FOMOs are racing from meetings to networking events，employers need a few JOMOs to be doing actual work.If FOMOs are like dogs，barking excitedly and chasing their own tails，JOMOs are more like cats.They will spring into action if a mouse is nearby，but in the meantime they are happy to sit by the fire.

The other reason why depending on FOMOs is dangerous is that they are naturally restless.JOMOs will be loyal，for fear of ending up with a worse employer.But FOMOs may think that working for one company means they are missing out on better conditions at another.That is the point of most networking，after all.

tribe/traIb/n.asetorclassofpeople一類（人）；部落

involve/In'v?lv/vt.include or affect（in an important way）包括；牽涉

label/'leIbl/vt.describe or classify sb./sth.描述成；歸類；打標(biāo)簽

foresee/f??'si?/vt.（foresaw；foreseen）see or know beforehand；predict預(yù)知；預(yù)見(jiàn)certified/'sз?tIfa?d/adj.having quality etc.guaranteed 被證實(shí)的

colleague/'k?li?ɡ /n.person with whom one works，esp.in a profession 同事

via/'vaI? /prep.by way of；through 經(jīng)由；通過(guò)

wedding/'wedI? /n.marriage ceremony婚禮

CV=curriculum vitae，record of a person’s education and employment；résumé簡(jiǎn)歷destination/'destI'neI?n/n.the place that someone or something is going to 目的地privilege/'prIvIlId?/n.specialrightoradvantage特權(quán)

innovation/'I n?'veI??n/n.introduction of new ideas，methods，or things革新

nonetheless/'n?ne?'les/adv.in spite of this；however；still雖然如此；然而

chase/t?eIs/vt.try to get；run after追逐；追趕

loyal/'l?I?l/adj.true and faithful忠誠(chéng)

附錄二：普通高中高一學(xué)生

One Hour Every Day at Four O’clock

Every day at four o’clock I stop whatever it is I am doing to watch my favorite soap opera.I silence my phone，lock the door，sit with a cup of fresh coffee and escape.It has become an addiction，one that I like having.

Almost every time I do this，I am astonished at how much better the lives of these people are than mine.There are some basic facts that apply only to soap opera people.The women in particular.They are always extraordinarily beautiful.They do not walk across a room；they glide.They are never without a man for more than three hours at a stretch.They never do any housework.They never have a single hair out of place.

I remember one scene in particular because it matched the same situation in my life.I was at the airport saying goodbye to my friend.A young lady in the soap opera was at the airport saying goodbye to her lover.

I will never forget how she looked.One perfectly shaped tear shone down her brightly made-up face.The wind blew through her shiny blonde hair.But I wondered at the time where the wind came from in the middle of the airport!A Beethoven symphony was playing in the background and dozens of beautiful white Casablanca lilies cascaded around her from out of the sky — there must have been a hole in the airport roof，as her lover took her hand in his and kissed it tenderly!

Rather differently，however，I ended up with considerably more than one tear.My face did not shine；it was wet.The only music was a strange-looking fellow playing something less than romantic in the background.I particularly remember this because it drowned out the sound of whatever my friend was saying to me at the time.I had a strong feeling that it was goodbye，but I will never really know for sure.

Therefore，it is no surprising that human beings behave differently in soap operas.Have you ever noticed what it is like being sick in a soap opera?Do people in soaps attend to everyday realities，for example，do you recall even one person going to the john?If it just happens to be a special occasion such as an engagement，when is there no band on the scene?As of late，it has occurred to me that people in soaps never seem to pay bills，floss their teeth or change their kid’s diapers.And you know something.I wouldn’t have it any other way.If I wanted to watch that；I wouldn’t have to turn on the TV.You can keep your reality.Give me Fantasy!

At least for one hour every day at four o’clock.

soap opera/'s???p'?p（?）r? /a popular television drama series 肥皂劇

addiction/?'dIk??n/n.a strong desire to do or have something regularly 上癮

apply/?'plaI/vi.be relevant（to sb./sth.）；have an effect有關(guān)；適用

glide/ɡlaId/vi.move smoothly and effortlessly悄然走動(dòng)；滑翔

stretch/stret?/n.unbroken period of time連續(xù)的一段時(shí)間

symphony/'sImf?nI/n.a piece of music written to be played by an orchestra交響曲

lily/'lIli/n.a plant growing from a bulb，with large white or reddish flowers百合；百合花

cascade/k?'skeId/vi.fall in or like a waterfall如瀑布落下；如瀑布狀下垂

tenderly/'tend?li/adv.in a gentle，caring way 溫柔地

drown/dra?n/vt.cause（a sound）not to be heard by making a loud noise淹沒(méi)（聲音）

behave/bI'heIv/vi.act，react，function，or perform in a particular way 舉止；表現(xiàn)；反應(yīng)

John/d??n/n.（sl.）a toilet（美俚）廁所

engagement/In'geId?m?nt/n.arrangement to meet sb or do sth at a fixed time；appointment約會(huì)

band/b?nd/n.group of people playing popular music，often for dancing流行音樂(lè)樂(lè)隊(duì)

floss/fl?s/vt.clean between your teeth using a thin thread 用牙線潔牙

diaper/'daI?p? /n.a piece of soft cloth or paper worn by a baby to hold its liquid and solid waste尿布