英文摘要

Onthefundamentalstatusofmetaphorandmetonymy(p. 1)

WANGJun(School of Foreign Languages, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China)

It has long been argued that metaphor or metonymy is more fundamental. Quite early in history, metaphor was used as a very general concept that covered metonymy; later on, metaphor and metonymy were regarded as two distinct rhetorical devices or cognitive patterns; in recent years, metonymy has been widely deemed as a more fundamental cognitive mechanism than metaphor. While scholars approached the issue of metaphor/metonymy from diverse perspectives in specific research fields, and came up with their conclusions concerning the nature of metaphor or metonymy, few of them have reexamined the motivations that lead to their conclusions from a more general perspective, and, more importantly, whether their motivations could lead to a general conclusion about the fundamental status of metaphor or metonymy. This paper argues that the proposition of metonymy being more fundamental is not firmly established due to different research perspectives, the enlargement of research scope, and overgeneralization of the conclusions based on specific fields such as literature, gesture and multimodality. This study is not meant to overthrow the conclusionspersereached through specific studies; the fact is that this study would finally try to prove the proposition of metonymy being more basic is correct. What this study specifically argues is whether the motivations that lead to final conclusions are reasonable, and whether specific research can safely ensure the correctness of a general conclusion.

TherelationshipbetweentypesofESPlearningmotivationandlearningeffortofnon-Englishmajorsofundergraduates(p. 8)

LIUXiaojing(School of Software, Dalian University of Foreign Languages, Dalian 116023, China)

This research aims to investigate the relationship between types of ESP learning motivation and learning effort. A survey was conducted among 249 undergraduate students taking IT English course in a Software School of a university. The results show that ESP learning effort is positively correlated with intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation (ESP), instrumental motivation(EGP) and situational motivation, and that their correlation coefficients are in descending order. ESP learning effort has zero correlation with external requirement. Instrumental motivation (EGP) is the major motivation for different levels of learning efforts. And for students who make more effort, motivations that rank only second to instrumental motivation (EGP) are intrinsic motivation and instrumental motivation (ESP), while for students who make less effort, external requirement motivation is of similar importance.

Cognitivemodelingandanalysisof“freedatives”inGerman(p. 14)

WANGJian(Faculty of Foreign Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)

Based on the billiard-ball model of Langacker, this paper attempts to construct cognitive models for the “free datives” in German from the perspective of cognitive linguistics in order to give some advice on the teaching of “free datives” in German. A cognitive model of the typical double-object structure in German is built according to the billiard-ball model, and by means of corresponding adjustment of the variables, the cognitive models of the “free datives” are accordingly constructed. This study finds that although the German “free datives” have semantic variations, they all contain the “influence” meaning, which is a metaphorical extension of the “given” meaning.

AstudyonthereduplicationofwordconstructioninIndonesianlanguage(p. 21)

WANGShiyuan&FANGHuanhai(Overseas Education College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China)

LINShanwen(Chinese Language & Culture College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

Reduplication is a unique method of word construction and syntax in Indonesian language. It’s not only widely used in nouns, verbs and adjectives, but also used in adverbs, numerals, pronouns and conjunctions; therefore, it becomes one of the difficulties for foreigners to learn Indonesian language. This paper is based on the theory of cognitive linguistics, using quantity iconicity, image schema and the concept of prominence in cognitive theory to discuss the characteristics of word reduplication in Indonesian. Indonesian word reduplication expresses “the increase of quantity” in the cognition of words, but some of them have the exception, thus we discuss this phenomenon according to the classification of words, word construction and the other Factors that may influence reduplication meaning. This paper aims to explain the general rule of the morphological characteristics in Indonesian reduplication and its cognitive motivation, hoping that it will be useful for Indonesian language teaching and research.

Oates’sgrowth,memoryandthinking:AreviewofTheLostLandscape,Oates’sgrowingmemoir(p. 31)

YANGJianmei(School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009，China)

Joyce Carol Oates, the contemporary American writer, has achieved a lot in her wri-tings and her forms of writing are varied. Recently she publishedTheLostLandscape, her growing memoir, when she was almost 80 years old. In the book, she discloses her inner world. Besides writing about her growing experiences and impressive memories, she also illustrates her consideration about some problems. Hence, some of readers’ confusion about her writings can be solved. Focusing on the writing style and the contents of the memoir, this paper is to disclose Oates’s growth, memory and inner heart. Furthermore, it will trace the sources of her creating ideas.

ThespireandJocelin:Ethicalnormsandself-needsinTheSpire(p. 36)

XIAOXia(School of Foreign Studies, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China)

Examined from an ethical perspective, this paper finds that inTheSpire, Jocelin, though seemingly an arrogant man of self-righteousness, is in fact incapable of coping with his deep feeling of inferiority. He needs desperately the spire to assert his significance. Unfortunately, his imagination of Christian glory with the spire ironically turns out to be no more than his inner self-needs; his painting of Christian glory cannot force his spire to his fellow Christians; meanwhile, his inner self-needs are so distorted in form by social ethical norms that Jocelin himself cannot find a way to handle them in words and actions, and therefore, the confrontation between the two eventually leads to Jocelin’s life tragedy. The spire thus develops into a symbol of how a man’s individual needs are depressed and frustrated by social ethical norms. As an embodiment of his self-defined value of his life, the spire becomes an unrenounceable must moil for Jocelin to express his self-need, which is a painful but glorious unavoidable task for a man as Man. This has been affirmed elsewhere in different styles by several novels of Golding as well.

BuddhistexpedientmeansinTheTaleofGenji(p. 42)

LIHongxia(School of Japanese Studies, Xi’an International Studies University, Xi’an 710128, China)

The school of Buddhism which features the Tine-Tai classification was prevalent in the Hei An Age of Japan. And it was against this specific historical background thatTheTaleofGenjiwas written, with 54 chapters discussing the essence of Buddhism, for example, the Anitya and the Karma. Besides these two Buddhist thoughts mentioned above, the thought of Expedient Means can not be underestimated in spite of its rather low frequency. On one hand, it’s involved in writingHotaruchapter, and it’s also embodied in recalling and reflective self-statements by two protagonists in succession. Based on analysing these two perspectives, it turns out that the thought of Expedient Means inTheTaleofGenjiwas indeed derived from both Chapter Two of Expedient Devices and Chapter Sixteen of Buddha’s Infinite Life ofTheLotusofTheTrueLaw. And the thought of Expedient Means justified the author’s thinking on writing and deepened its characters and emphasized its contents. Furthermore, the absence of such thought in female characters has a lot to do with social background that it was indeed in the Patriarchal Society.

Language:Dependencyofpowerandideology:AcasestudyofcriticaldiscourseanalysisonNineteenEighty-Four(p. 48)

SULong&XUZhaohui(College of Foreign Languages, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China)

The present study makes a Critical Discourse Analysis on George Orwell’sNineteenEighty-Fourfrom the aspects of transitivity, transformation, modality and thematic structure by adopting Fairclough’s “Three-dimensional Model” as the theoretical framework and Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar as the analytical tool, and further points out that the language of this novel reflects the distinctive totalitarian view and anti-totalitarian ideology. This study shows that language is not only a channel for the writer to convey information, but also a powerful tool for reflecting and reconstructing power relations and ideology, assisting those in power to exercise power and convey ideas. Meanwhile, language will become its users’ constraint once it is affected by power and ideology.

IndividualnarrativeandidentityinEndoShusaku’sDeepRiver(p. 54)

LANLiliang&ZHAOCong(School of Foreign Languages, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China)

DeepRiverby Endo Shusaku, a representative of the third generation of post-war Japanese writers, depicts the protagonist’s journey of pilgrimage to explore spiritual salvation and the true meaning of life. Using identity theory, this paper analyzes the characters’ spiritual growth, self-identity construction and soul salvation. The novel interlaces the spiritual trauma of different individuals with their experiences in India, showing the different characters’ understanding of ego and belief, thus highlighting the theme of religious pluralism. The polyphonic structure ofDeepRiverperfectly coincides with the theme of religious pluralism, which reflects the profound reflection on personal beliefs in the post-war trend of democratic and cultural thought.

Fromliterary“newingcitizens”topolitical“newingindividuals”—ValuetransformationinthetranslationsofNewYouth(p. 59)

ZHANGDaozhen(School of Foreign Languages, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China)

The period around the May 4thMovement is one for Chinese literature to transfrom from tradition to modernity by means of translation. As one of the prominent magazines,NewYouthexperienced very rapid and covert value transformation, which was not only reflected in the quantity of its translations, but also in the microscopic levels of the translations, such as its consideration of social values in terms of the concepts of “people” and “individual”. This paper is focused on the translations, exploring how this covert transformation happened from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives.

Acorpus-basedstudyofChinesetranslationofmodalverbcaninShakespeare’sMeasureforMeasure(p. 64)

WUBian(Post-doctoral Research Center, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China)

Modal verbs are a type of verbs which express meanings such as volition, ability, possibility, necessity, etc. In Shakespeare’s plays, modal verbs are characterized by their high frequency and flexible usage. The problems of modal verbs’ translation in current translated versions of Shakespeare’s plays are mistranslation and willful omission. This paper, takingcaninMeasureforMeasureas its research object, first examines its meanings and usage, and then compares and analyzes the differences among the Chinese translations ofcaninMeasureforMeasure, by Zhu Shenghao, Liang Shiqiu, Fang Ping, Ying Ruocheng, and Peng Jingxi. The results show thatcanappears 51 times inMeasureforMeasurewith five different meanings, which are “to know how to” “be able to” “be enabled by” “be allowed to” “be inferred that”. Liang Shiqiu and Peng Jingxi tended to adopt “formal equivalence” in their translations, and Ying Ruocheng, Fang Ping and Zhu Shenghao tended to adopt “functional equivalence” in their translations.

Dialoguebetweenliterature,filmandtelevision:AstudyofthetranslationanddisseminationofChineseonlinenovelSanshengsanshiShilitaohua(p. 76)

PENGHongyan(Graduate School, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China)

In recent years, a variety of Chinese online novels, especially fantasy and Xianxia novels, and their IP adaptation have opened up the “pleasure” channel for audiences at home and abroad and been highly praised. The English translation of Chinese online novelSanshengsanshiShilitaohua, on the adapted film and TV series based on it have been highly appreciated by markets and audiences overseas. The successful translation and effective dissemination ofSanshengsanshiShilitaohuaacross the world can be attributed to the common effect of dramatic and imaginative storyline, inventive and unique adaptation of film and TV series, audience-centered communication concept, and diversified communication channels, with perfect interpretation of the dialogue, interaction and win-win situation between literature, film and television. It is obvious that the successful overseas dissemination of this novel can provide some beneficial thoughts and reference for the farther spreda of Chinese online literature, thus expanding its popularity overseas and cultivating more potential international audiences for Chinese literature.

Astudyon“shifting”intranslating(p. 83)

NILulu(School of Russian Studies, Xi’an International Studies University, Xi’an 710128, China)

PENGBaiyu(Graduate School, Xi’an International Studies University, Xi’an 710128, China)

Derived from an essential in translating, the notion of shift is embedded in the process of translation, i.e. translating is further specified into understanding, shifting, and expressing. In line with the interpretation of shifting objects and motivations, shift is positioned as a translation method instead of a kind of skill. Theoretically, it is to infuse a new paradigm into the translation methodology, shedding a deep insight on the ontological study of translation.

TranslationstudyonthelinguisticlandscapeofoverseasChinesecommunitieswithinthe“CommunityofSharedDestiny”:AcasestudyofBostonChinatown(p. 89)

YANGJinlong(School of International Relations, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China)

ZHUYanrong(Department of Foreign Language Teaching, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China)

The linguistic landscape of overseas Chinese communities is not only an important symbol of integration and contact between Chinese culture and the local “other” vision, but also a bridgehead to build Chinese soft power and foster a “Community of Shared Destiny”. This study takes Eco-Translatology as a theoretical framework, takes the linguistic landscape in Boston Chinatown as research subject, carries out an ecological analysis of the English-Chinese billboard translation in Boston Chinatown with the method of observation, interview and Rapid Anonymous Survey. Based on the investigation of translation strategy, the salience of the two languages and the direction of language from bilingual billboards in Boston Chinatown, the researchers found that with the influence of speech community’s population distribution, language usage and cultural identity, English-Chinese billboard translation there conforms to the principle of “selection and adaptation” from the linguistic dimension, communicative dimension and cultural dimension respectively.

AreviewofTheOxfordHandbookofModalityandMood(p. 96)

JIANGQiwen(College of Humanities, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

TheOxfordHandbookofModalityandMoodis one of the most important achievements on the category of modality and mood in recent years. The specific expression of modality and mood has been summarized in various languages and sorted out macroscopically and microscopically with rich theoretical perspectives and novel views. What’s more, it has certain typological significance for studying modality and mood.

Theoriesandmethodsofstudiesonsecondlanguagespeech：AreviewonSecondLanguageSpeech：TheoryandPractice(p. 100)

LIUXirui(School of Foreign Studies, Henan University of Technology， Zhengzhou 450001, China)

SecondLanguageSpeech：TheoryandPracticeis the first book to systematically address theories and methods of studies on second language speech up to now, encompassing two major parts, i.e. theoretical models of studies on second language speech and experimental research methods of perception and production of second language vowels, obstruents, sonorants, hiatus, consonant clusters, tone, intonation, fluency. The precious book reflects the new trends of studies in second language speech with well-organized structure, widely-discussed topics and novelty perspective.